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1 set
[set] 1. гл.; прош. вр., прич. прош. вр. set1)а) ставить, кластьShe set a tray down on the table. — Она поставила поднос на стол.
I set the basket against the door. — Я поставил корзину рядом с дверью.
He set down his knife and fork. — Он отложил нож и вилку.
Why don't you set your chair forward to get a better view? — Почему бы тебе не придвинуть стул немного вперёд, чтобы лучше видеть?
The chair was set apart from the others for the special guest. — Один стул поставили отдельно, для особого гостя.
She was reading a book, but set it by when the telephone rang. — Она читала книгу, но отложила её, когда зазвонил телефон.
Syn:б) обычно страд. размещать, располагатьa medieval village set high on a hill — средневековая деревушка, расположенная на высоком холме
The house is set in fifty acres of parkland. — Дом располагается на территории в пятьдесят акров, посреди парка.
в) разворачиваться, происходить (о действии книги, фильма или спектакля)The novel is set in London in the 1960s. — Действие романа разворачивается в Лондоне 1960-х годов.
2) сажать, усаживатьSyn:seat 2.3) придавать определённое положениеto set smth. on end — поставить что-л. вверх ногами, поставить на попа
to set smth. upright — поднять что-л. вертикально, поставить стоймя
4) ( set against)а) настраивать против (кого-л. / чего-л.)What have I ever done to set her against me? — Что же я такого сделал, что она так настроена против меня?
б) быть категорически против (чего-л.), противиться (чему-л.)Mary's father was set against the marriage from the beginning. — Отец Мэри с самого начала был против этой свадьбы.
5) приводить в ( определённое) состояниеto set smb. free — освобождать кого-л.
to set a match to smth. — поджечь что-л. (спичкой)
to set smb. laughing — рассмешить кого-л.
to set smb. loose — отпустить кого-л.
to set smth. on fire — поджечь что-л.; предать что-л. огню
My age sets me beyond your cruelty. (W. Scott, The Castle Dangerous, 1831) — Мой возраст позволяет мне не бояться вашей жестокости.
The leg should be set under anesthesia. — Ногу нужно обезболить.
The news set her heart beating. — При этом известии у неё забилось сердце.
The answer set the audience in a roar. — Услышав ответ, все присутствующие разразились хохотом.
I must set the living room straight before the visitors arrive. — Я должен сделать уборку в комнате до приезда гостей.
- set at bay- set at odds
- set at ease
- set at large
- set in motion
- set in operation
- set in order
- set smth. to rights
- set smth. afoot
- set aflame6) устанавливать, приводить в нужное положение, состояние (механизм, устройство); регулироватьIn spring we usually set the clocks ahead one hour. — Весной мы обычно переводим стрелки на час вперёд.
My watch was fast so I set it back three minutes. — Мои часы спешили, поэтому я перевёл их на три минуты назад.
She set the camera on automatic. — Она установила камеру на автоматический режим.
Set the alarm for 7 o'clock. — Поставь будильник на 7 часов.
Syn:7) укладывать ( волосы), делать укладку8)б) класть, помещать, ставить (еду, напитки)The table was set with refreshments. — Стол был уставлен закусками и напитками.
9)а) оправлять, вставлять в оправу ( драгоценные камни)She had the sapphire set in a gold ring. — Она вставила свой сапфир в золотое кольцо.
б) украшать, обрамлять ( драгоценными камнями)Her crown is set with precious jewels. — Её корона украшена драгоценными камнями.
Schubert set many poems to music. — Шуберт положил на музыку множество стихотворений.
12)а) = set down назначать, устанавливать, определятьA price was set upon the head of the Prince. — За голову принца была назначена цена.
The rate of interest is set at 111/2%. — Процентная ставка установлена в размере 111/2%.
These price limits are set down by the government. — Ценовые ограничения установлены правительством.
The limits of our nature are set, and we can never cross them. — Человеческая природа имеет свои пределы, и мы никогда не сможем преодолеть их.
We have to set measures to our spending if we are to save for our old age. — Коль скоро нужно откладывать на старость, мы должны ограничить себя в тратах.
б) = set down предписывать, устанавливать (правила, регламент и т. п.); формулировать ( закон)When our rules are once set, no Governor should offer to alter them. — Когда законы установлены, ни один правитель не должен пытаться их изменить.
We had to set down rules for the behaviour of the members. — Мы должны были выработать правила поведения для членов организации.
The law sets down that speed limits must be obeyed. — Закон гласит, что необходимо соблюдать ограничения скорости.
в) страд. быть решённым, определённым, установленным13) ( set over) назначать (кого-л.) начальником, ставить (кого-л.) над (кем-л. / чем-л.)I've not been happy in the company since a new director was set over me. — Мне стало неуютно работать в этой компании с тех пор, как надо мной поставили нового начальника.
14)а) оценивать, давать оценкуAfter setting a just value upon others, I must next set it on myself. — После того, как я даю справедливую оценку другим, я должен затем оценить самого себя.
I set her age at 33. — Я думал, что ей года тридцать три.
His income can probably be set at $80,000 a year. — Его доход составляет приблизительно восемьдесят тысяч долларов в год.
б) (set against / beside) сравнивать с (кем-л. / чем-л.)Setting the results against those of the last election, we can see a clear improvement. — Если сравнить нынешние результаты с результатами предыдущих выборов, можно увидеть значительное улучшение.
We must set the cost against the advantages of the new invention. — Мы должны установить цену в соответствии с преимуществами нового изобретения.
Money seems unimportant when set beside the joys of family life. — Деньги кажутся ничего не значащими по сравнению с радостями семейной жизни.
15) расценивать (каким-л. образом), считатьto set at defiance / naught / nought — ни во что не ставить, презирать
to set smb. / smth. above smb. / smth. — считать (кого-л. / что-л.) важнее (кого-л. /чего-л.), ставить выше
Tradition sets Wycliffe's birth in the year 1324. — Традиционно годом рождения Уиклифа считается 1324-й.
Mother sets the needs of the family above her own interests. — Мама ставит интересы семьи выше своих собственных.
16) ( set before) представлять, предлагать (кому-л.) на рассмотрение (факты, идею, предложение)Your suggestion will be set before the board of directors at their next meeting. — Ваше предложение будет обсуждаться на следующем заседании совета директоров.
Syn:17) = set down назначать ( время)Two o'clock had been the hour set for the wedding. — Венчание было назначено на два часа.
The club's opening day is set for April 22. — День открытия клуба назначен на 22 апреля.
The trial has been set down for 13 April. — Слушания были назначены на 13 апреля.
to set a good / bad example to smb. — показывать хороший / дурной пример кому-л.
His photographs set the standard for landscapes. — Его снимки стали эталоном пейзажной фотографии.
The Genoese and Venetians set the models of these vessels. — Эти модели судов были впервые введены генуэзцами и венецианцами.
19)а) ставить (задачу, цель и т. п.)I shall not set him anything to do. — Я не буду ставить перед ним никаких задач.
б) брит. задавать (работу, задание и т. п.)to set smb. a (very) difficult / easy paper — предложить (очень) трудную / лёгкую контрольную (работу)
The master was in the habit of setting lessons for the children to work upon at home after school hours. — Учитель обычно задавал детям уроки, которые они должны были делать дома после занятий.
в) предлагать, предписывать (книгу, учебник и т. п.) для экзамена, курса обученияг) брит. готовить, составлять вопросы к экзаменуThe head teacher sets the questions for the English exam. — Директор школы готовит вопросы к экзамену по английскому языку.
д) ( set before) предлагать (что-л. на выбор)The government has set two choices before the voter: to control wages and prices, or to suffer further increases in the cost of living. — Правительство поставило избирателей перед дилеммой: или регулирование зарплат и цен, или дальнейшее повышение прожиточного минимума.
20) подносить, приближать21)а) направлять, сосредоточивать (мысль, волю, желание и т. п.)to set one's brain on / to smth. — сосредоточить мысль на чём-л.
Tony tried to set his brain to listening. — Тони изо всех сил старался слушать.
Find a spade and set to, there's a lot of work to do in the garden. — Возьми-ка лопату и принимайся за дело, в саду надо много сделать.
22)а) дать затвердеть, схватиться (цементу, бетону, гипсу и т. п.)б) затвердевать, застывать; делаться густым, прочным; схватыватьсяLeave the concrete to set for a few hours. — Оставьте бетон застывать на несколько часов.
Let the pudding set. — Пусть пудинг затвердеет.
Syn:23) становиться неподвижным (о лице, взгляде и т. п.)Her features had set themselves in sorrow. — Лицо её застыло в глубокой печали.
24)а) стискивать, сжимать (зубы, губы)Syn:б) сжиматься, стискиваться (о зубах, губах)Helen's mouth set itself firmly as she thought of it. — Губы Элен плотно сжались, когда она вспомнила об этом.
25) напрягаться, твердеть ( о мускулах)26)б) срастаться ( о кости)Dogs' bones soon set. — Кости у собак быстро срастаются.
27) полигр.; = set up набиратьWe can't change any wording once the article is set up. — После того, как статья набрана, мы не можем изменить в ней ни слова.
28)The young plants should be set out three inches apart. — Молодые растения надо высаживать, оставляя между ними промежутки в три дюйма.
б) завязываться (о цветах, плодах)30) поднимать, ставить ( паруса)There was no more canvas on the ship to set. — На судне больше не осталось парусов, которые можно было бы поставить.
When under full sail this vessel sets 45,000 square feet of canvas. — На полном ходу это судно использует 45000 квадратных футов парусов.
31) садиться, заходить (о солнце, луне); приближаться к закату, к концу (о жизни, славе и т. п.)His star has set. — Его звезда закатилась.
Syn:32) определиться с направлением (о течении, ветре)33) уст. устанавливаться ( о погоде)The nights set very cold. — Ночи стали очень холодными.
34)а) нести, увлекать в определённом направленииA breeze sprung up from the south-east, and set the ice so rapidly upon us. — С юго-востока налетел ветер и быстро погнал на нас льдины.
б) иметь (определённую) тенденцию, направленностьHer ambition did not set in the direction indicated. — Её стремления простирались в совсем другом направлении, нежели то, что было для неё намечено.
в) направлять, поворачивать; вестиHe knew the path and could set us on it. — Он знал тропу и мог вести нас по ней.
35)а) ( set on) натравливать, науськиватьI'll set my dog on you if you don't leave at once! — Я на тебя своего пса спущу, если ты немедленно не уберёшься!
They set dogs on us as though we were rats. — Они натравливали на нас собак, как будто мы были крысами.
б) (set about / on) разг. напасть на (кого-л.); завязать драку с (кем-л.)The girl was set on by a thief in the park. — На девушку в парке напал грабитель.
The three men set about him with their hands and boots. — На него напали три человека и начали бить руками и ногами.
36) танцевать, повернувшись лицом к партнёруSet to your partner. — Повернитесь лицом к партнёру.
37)а) сидеть на яйцах ( о курице)в) подкладывать ( яйца) под курицу ( для высиживания)38) делать стойку ( о собаке)39) мор. пеленговать40) стр. производить кладку41) уст. размещать, расставлять (часовых, охрану и т. п.)How came he to leave the Castle after the watch was set? — Как ему удалось выбраться из замка, после того как была выставлена охрана?
42) уст. вонзать (оружие, шпоры и т. п.)44) диал.; ирон. подходить, соответствовать, быть к лицуSyn:•- set ahead
- set apart
- set aside
- set back
- set by
- set down
- set forth
- set forward
- set in
- set off
- set on
- set out
- set to
- set up••to set up home / house — зажить отдельно, своим домом
to set one's face / countenance — придать лицу какое-л. выражение
to set people by the ears / at variance / at loggerheads — ссорить, натравливать людей друг на друга
to set a beggar on horseback — давать недостойному лицу преимущества, которыми он злоупотребит
to set a finger / hand on smb. — тронуть кого-л. (пальцем); поднять на кого-л. руку; причинить кому-л. вред
to set on foot — пустить в ход, организовать (что-л.)
to set smb. on his / her feet — поставить кого-л. на ноги; помочь кому-л. в делах
to set one's hopes on smb. / smth. — возлагать надежды на кого-л. / что-л.
to set great / much store on smth. — высоко ставить что-л., глубоко ценить что-л.
to set little store on smth. — низко ставить что-л., ни во что не ставить, не ценить что-л.
to set smb. in mind of smb. / smth. — напомнить кому-л. о ком-л. / чём-л.
This man will never set the Thames on fire. — Этот человек пороха не выдумает.
- set one's mind on smth.- set smb.'s back up
- set right
- set straight
- set the seal on smth. 2. сущ.1)а) комплект, набор; коллекцияchemistry set — набор для детей "Юный химик"
a set of false teeth — вставная челюсть, вставные зубы
to break (up) a set — разрознить, нарушить комплект
б) сервизв) гарнитург) приборA complete set of Balzac's works, twenty-seven volumes. — Полное собрание сочинений Бальзака в двадцати семи томах.
He perused the antiquated sets of newspapers. — Он внимательно читал подшивки старых газет.
2)а) ряд, серияa set of notions — совокупность понятий, свод понятий
б) мат.; лог. множество3)а) компания, круг, общество; неодобр. кликаHe got in with a wild set at college. — В колледже он попал в дурную компанию
б) банда, шайкав) брит. группа школьников ( выделенная на основе способностей учеников)She's in the top set for French. — Она попала в группу самых успевающих по французскому языку.
4)а) иск.; = setting декорацииSyn:б) кино съёмочная площадкаThe cast must all be on (the) set by 7 in the morning. — Актёры должны быть на съёмочной площадке не позднее семи часов утра.
5) сет (в теннисе, волейболе)6)б) серия песен или композиций, исполняемых музыкантом или группой во время концерта ( в джазе и поп-музыке)7) приёмникtelevision / TV set — телевизор
A shampoo and set costs £15. — Шампунь и укладка стоят 15 фунтов.
9)He admired the set of her shoulders. — Он любовался изгибом её плеч.
Her eyes still seemed to be closed, but there were subtle differences in the set of her face. — Её глаза были по-прежнему закрыты, но в чертах лица можно было заметить небольшую перемену.
б) посадка; расположениеI don't like the set of his coat. — Мне не нравится, как на нём сидит пальто.
10)а) направление (течения, ветра)A feather will show you the direction of the wind; a straw will prove the set of a current. — Перо укажет вам направление ветра, а соломинка – направление течения.
б) склонность, тенденцияSyn:в) психол. настрой, направленность, установкаDanger arouses a set of the nervous system towards escape. — Опасность вызывает установку нервной системы на избежание угрозы.
11) поэт. заход, закат (о небесных светилах; употребляется только в ед. ч.)the set of day — конец дня, время захода солнца
12)а) саженец; черенокб) клубни, посадочный материал13) = sett II14) = sett I15) стр. схватывание, затвердевание ( цемента)to take a set — затвердеть, схватиться
Removal of water results in the time of set being reduced. — Удаление воды приводит к тому, что время затвердевания сокращается.
16)а) тех. развод зубьев пилы; ширина разводаб) полигр. ширина знака- dead set••- jet set3. прил.1)а) (заранее) установленный, определённый; назначенный, намеченныйThere's no set time limit on this. — Время исполнения этой работы жёстко не ограничено.
Each person was given set jobs to do. — Каждому человеку были поручены (чётко) определённые задачи.
Syn:б) фиксированный, установленный (о доходах, ценах)Syn:в) твёрдый, устойчивый, неизменный (о мнениях, суждениях и т. п.)set ideas / opinions / views — неизменные, косные представления, мнения, взгляды
set expressions — устойчивые выражения, речевые клише
to be set in one's ways — быть твёрдым в своих убеждениях, взглядах
As people get older, they get set in their ways. — С годами люди приобретают твёрдые взгляды и неизменные привычки, становятся менее гибкими.
Our religious system has no set form of liturgy. — Наша религиозная система не имеет установленной формы церковной службы.
Syn:г) брит. предлагаемый по фиксированной цене и имеющий ограниченный ассортимент ( о еде в отелях и ресторанах)set lunch / dinner — обед по фиксированной цене ( с ограниченным выбором блюд)
set menu — меню блюд, предлагаемых по фиксированной цене
2) брит. обязательный ( об учебном материале)set book / text — обязательная книга / обязательный текст ( для прочтения к экзамену)
3)а) разг. ((up)on / for) готовый, полный решимости, горящий желанием (сделать что-л.)Nina's set on going to the party. — Нина твёрдо решила пойти на вечеринку.
Be set to leave by 10 o'clock. — Приготовьтесь отправляться в десять часов.
All set, boys? Let's go. — Всё готово, ребята? Пошли.
John is set on playing football for England. — Джон твёрдо решил, что будет выступать в английской национальной сборной по футболу.
Syn:б) ( against) = dead set решительно настроенный против (чего-л.)Why are you so dead set against the idea? — Почему ты принимаешь эту идею в штыки? / Почему ты так сопротивляешься этой идее?
в) уст. твёрдый, упорный; упрямый"You are a terribly set person," she said, after she had consented to let him have his own way. — "Ты ужасно упрямый человек", - сказала она, согласившись с его условиями.
Syn:4)а) неподвижный, застывший (о лице, улыбке)His face took on a set expression. — Его лицо приняло застывшее выражение.
Syn:"Damn you," he said through set teeth. — "Чтоб тебя!" - процедил он сквозь зубы.
5) встроенный, вделанный, укреплённыйSyn:6) уст. тщательно обдуманный, намеренный, умышленныйHe did it of set purpose. — Он сделал это умышленно.
Syn:7) уст. формальный, официальныйIt is not a set party, but one without full dress or ceremony. — Это будет неофициальный приём без парадной одежды и церемоний.
Syn: -
2 cosa
f.1 thing (objeto, idea).tengo que decirte una cosa I've got something to tell you¿quieres alguna cosa? is there anything you want?cualquier cosa anythingno es gran cosa it's not important, it's no big dealpoca cosa nothing muchUna cosa propia de una joven, A girlish kind of thing2 funny remark (ocurrencia).¡qué cosas tienes! you do say some funny things!son cosas de mamá that's just the way Mum is, that's just one of Mum's little idiosyncrasiespres.subj.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: coser.* * *1 (gen) thing■ coge tus cosas take your things, take your stuff■ ¿alguna cosa más? anything else?2 (asunto) matter, business3 (nada) nothing, not anything\así están las cosas that's the way things are, that's how things standcomo cosa tuya as if it were your ideacomo están las cosas as things standcomo si tal cosa just like thatcosa de aboutcosa nunca vista something surprisingcosas de la vida that's lifedecir cuatro cosas to tell a few home truthslo que son las cosas much to my surpriseno sea cosa que... in case...no ser gran cosa not to be importantno valer gran cosa not to be worth muchser cosa hecha familiar to be no sooner said than doneser poquita cosa familiar not to be much, not to amount too muchcosas de negocios business matters* * *noun f.1) thing, object, stuff2) matter, affair* * *SF1) (=objeto) thing¿qué es esa cosa redonda? — what's that round thing?
no es otra cosa que una bolsa de plástico — it's nothing more than a plastic bag, it's just a plastic bag
- es cosa fina2) [uso indefinido]¿alguna cosa más? — anything else?
•
o cosa así, 20 kilos o cosa así — 20 kilos or thereabouts•
cualquier cosa — anything•
gran cosa, el coche no vale gran cosa — the car isn't worth muchcomo futbolista no es gran cosa — he's not a great footballer, he's not much of a footballer
•
poca cosa, lo qué recibieron a cambio fue poca cosa — they didn't get much in return, they got very little in returnjugamos a las cartas, leemos y poca cosa más — we play cards, read and do little else o and that's about it
•
una cosa — something¿me puedes decir una cosa? — can you tell me something?
una cosa, se me olvidaba preguntarte por el precio — by the way, I forgot to ask you about the price
en general está muy bien, solo una cosa... — on the whole, it's very good, there's just one thing...
3) (=asunto)¿has visto cosa igual? — did you ever see the like?
¡qué cosa más extraña! — how strange!
esa es cosa vieja — so what's new?, that's ancient history
¡vaya una cosa! — well!, there's a thing!
•
la cosa es que... — the thing is (that)...la cosa está en considerar el problema desde otro ángulo — the thing to do o the trick is to consider the problem from another angle
•
no es cosa de broma o risa — it's no laughing matter•
no sea cosa que — in casetrae el paraguas, no sea cosa que llueva — bring your umbrella in case it rains
•
otra cosa, no se hablaba de otra cosa — people talked about nothing else¿hay otra cosa que pueda hacer? — is there anything else I can do?
eso es otra cosa — that's another matter o thing (entirely)
otra cosa es que la ley imponga 40 horas semanales para todos — it's another matter entirely for the law to oblige everyone to work 40 hours a week
otra cosa sería si... — it would be quite another matter if...
•
cosa rara, y, cosa rara, nadie lo vio — and, oddly o funnily enough, nobody saw itcomo quien no quiere la cosa —
se levantó y se fue como quien no quiere la cosa — she got up and left as inconspicuously as possible
como si tal cosa —
me devolvió el libro roto como si tal cosa — he gave me back the damaged book as if nothing had happened
le dije que había sido seleccionado para el trabajo y se quedó como si tal cosa — I told him he had got the job and he barely reacted
4) (=nada)jamás he visto cosa semejante — I've never seen anything like it, I've never seen the like of it
¡no hay tal cosa! — nothing of the sort!
nunca he dicho nada sobre ese tema ni cosa que se le parezca — I never said anything about that subject or anything like it
5) pl cosasa) (=acciones, asuntos)¡son cosas de Juan! — that's Juan all over!, that's just like Juan!
¡cosas de niños! — boys will be boys!
¡qué cosas dices! — you do say some silly things!
¡tienes unas cosas! — the things you say!
•
meterse en cosas de otros — to stick one's nose in other people's businessb)• las cosas — (=situación) things
así las cosas, se marchó de la reunión — at this point, she left the meeting
¡lo que son las cosas! — just imagine!, fancy that!
6)• cosa de — [indicando tiempo] about
7) ** [droga] hash *8) LAm [como conj]•
cosa que, camina lento, cosa que no te canses — walk slowly so (that) you don't get tiredno le digas nada, cosa que no se ofenda — don't say anything to him, that way he won't get offended, don't say anything to him in case he gets offended
* * *1)a) ( objeto) thing¿alguna otra cosa? or ¿alguna cosa más? — anything else?
b) (acto, acción) thingno puedo hacer otra cosa — there's nothing else I can do o it's the only thing I can do
entre una(s) cosa(s) y otra(s)... — what with one thing and another...
c) ( al hablar)qué cosas dices! — really, what a thing to say!
dime una cosa... — tell me something...
oye, una cosa... — ( por cierto) by the way...
d) (detalle, punto)e) (asunto, tema) thingsi por cualquier cosa no puedes venir, avísame — if you can't come for any reason, let me know
esto no es cosa de broma/risa — this is no joke/no laughing matter
la cosa es que... — the thing is that...
2) cosas femenino plural ( pertenencias) things (pl)3) (situación, suceso)así están las cosas — that's how things are o stand
la cosa se pone negra/fea — things are starting to get unpleasant
¿cómo te van las cosas? — how are things?
¿cómo está la cosa? — ( cómo está la situación) how are things?; ( cómo estás) (Ven) how are you doing?
lo que son las cosas! — well, well! o fancy that! (colloq)
en mi vida he visto/oído cosa igual — I've never seen/heard anything like it
cosa rara en él, se equivocó — he made a mistake, which is unusual for him
qué cosa más extraña! — how strange o funny!
esto es cosa de magia or de brujería — this is witchcraft!
una cosa es ser bueno y otra ser el mejor — being good is one thing, but being the best is quite another
4)a) (fam) ( ocurrencia)tienes cada cosa! — the things you come up (AmE) o (BrE) out with!
b) ( comportamiento típico)5) ( incumbencia)no te preocupes, eso es cosa mía — don't worry, I'll handle it
6) ( en locs)cosa de — (AmS fam) so as to
cosa que — (AmS fam) so that
no sea or no vaya a ser cosa que: llévate el paraguas, no sea cosa que llueva take your umbrella just in case; átalo, no sea cosa que se escape tie it up so that it doesn't get away; o cosa así or so; cada cosa a su tiempo one thing at a time; como quien no quiere la cosa casually; como si tal cosa: no puedes irte como si tal cosa you can't go just like that o as if nothing had happened; le dije que era peligroso y siguió como si tal cosa I told him it was dangerous but he just carried on o he carried on regardless; cosa de... (fam): es cosa de unos minutos it'll (only) take a couple of minutes; es cosa de intentarlo you just have to give it a go; está a cosa de dos kilómetros it's about two kilometers; darle cosa a alguien (fam): me da cosa comer caracoles/ver sangre eating snails/the sight of blood makes me feel funny; me da cosa pedirle tanto dinero I feel awkward asking him for so much money; decirle a alguien un par de or cuatro cosas (fam) to tell somebody a thing or two; no ser gran cosa (fam) to be nothing special (colloq); poca cosa: es muy poca cosa ( en apariencia) he's not much to look at; ( en personalidad) he's not up to much (colloq); queda algo pero poca cosa there's some left but not much; un trabajo así es muy poca cosa para ella a job like that isn't good enough for her; poner las cosas en su lugar or sitio to put o set the record straight; ser cosa hecha (CS) to be a foregone conclusion; ser/parecer otra cosa: esto es otra cosa!, ahora sí se oye this is more like it! you can hear it now; con ese peinado parece otra cosa she looks a new woman with that hairstyle; ¿invitas tú? eso es otra cosa! are you paying? oh well, that's different, then!; las cosas claras — I like to know where I stand
* * *= thing, item, business [businesses, -pl.].Ex. A collection of medical books for the general public in a public library may deal with the same range of topics, but the indexing can probably be more broad than in a specialist index, and the terms used for the same thing may be different.Ex. Since only twenty or so items can be displayed on the screen at a time, the ↑ (Up), ↓ (Down), Page Up and Page Down keys are used to scroll through the listing.Ex. I think this whole business about whether punctuation is obtrusive or not is quite honestly not worth discussing.----* aclarar las cosas = set + the record straight.* acostumbrarse a las cosas = get (back) into + the swings of things, things + grow on + Pronombre.* apostarse cualquier cosa = bet + Posesivo + life.* arreglar las cosas = put + things right.* así son las cosas = that's they way things are.* a veces las cosas salen mal = shit happens.* cambiar las cosas desde dentro = change + things from the inside.* capaz de hacer cualquier cosa = capable of anything.* casi cualquier cosa = just about anything.* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.* complicar las cosas = make + things complex, add + salt to the wound, add + salt to injury, add + insult to injury, rub + salt in the wound.* conjunto de cosas afines, el = whole schmier, the.* correr un velo sobre las cosas = sweep + things under the rug.* cosa esencial = essential.* cosa hecha = plain sailing, walkover.* cosa indeseable = beast.* cosa inútil = dead horse.* cosa que se inserta = insert.* cosas = stuff, matters, bits and pieces.* cosas buenas = goodies [goody, -sing.].* cosas + cambiar inesperadamente = things + take a turn for the unexpected.* cosas como = the likes of.* cosas de la casa = household chores.* cosa secundaria = accidentals.* cosas + empeorar = things + get worse, things + get rough.* cosas esenciales, las = basic essentials, the.* cosas este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.* cosas inútiles = deadwood [dead wood].* cosas + ir bien = things + go well.* cosas + mejorar = things + get better.* cosas + ponerse feas = things + get rough.* cosas que dan miedo = things that go bump in the night.* cosas ricas = goodies [goody, -sing.].* cosas + salir bien = things + work out.* cosas transitorias, las = transient, the.* cosa superficial = accidentals.* cosa viva = living thing.* cualquier cosa = anything.* cualquier cosa que no sea = anything but.* cualquier otra cosa = anything else, whatever else.* dar cualquier cosa por Algo = give + an eye-tooth for/to.* dar las cosas masticadas = spoon-feed [spoon feed/spoonfeed].* dar sentido a las cosas = meaning making.* dejar las cosas como están = let + the matter + rest, let + sleeping dogs lie.* dejar las cosas tranquilas = let + sleeping dogs lie.* dejar que Alguien haga las cosas a su manera = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.* economizar en cosas importantes y derrochar en nimiedades = penny wise, pound foolish.* el estado de las cosas = the lay of the land [the lie of the land, -UK].* empeorar las cosas = make + matters + worse, add + salt to the wound, make + things worse, add + salt to injury, add + insult to injury, rub + salt in the wound.* encontrar cosas comunes = find + common ground.* en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.* enmarañar las cosas = muddy + the waters.* en otro orden de cosas = on another topic, as for, as regards, meanwhile, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.* enredar las cosas = muddy + the waters.* entre otras cosas = amongst other things, for one thing, inter alia, among other things.* ese tipo de cosas = that sort of thing.* estar al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.* estar equivocado en + Número + cosas = be wrong on + Número + count(s).* facilitar las cosas = make + things easier.* forma de ver las cosas = way of putting things together, bent of mind.* gran cosa = big deal.* grupo de personas o cosas de la misma edad o categoría = peer group.* hacer cambiar las cosas = turn + the tide on.* hacer cosas = get + things done.* hacer cualquier cosa = do + anything, give + Posesivo + right arm.* haciendo cosas = up and about.* jugarse cualquier cosa = bet + Posesivo + life.* la cosa es que = the thing is.* la cosa principal = the number one thing.* la forma correcta de hacer las cosas = the way to go.* la forma de ver las cosas = the way + to see things.* las cosas + cambiar = pendulum + swing.* las cosas + estar + claras = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.* las cosas no pasan así como así = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).* las cosas no pasan (así) porque sí = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).* las cosas no son tan simples como parecen = there's more to it than meets the eye.* las cosas siguen igual = business as usual.* las cosas sólo pasan una vez = lightning never strikes twice.* las cosas son más complicadas de lo que parecen = there's more to it than meets the eye.* las cosas tal y como son = the birds and the bees.* llamar las cosas por su nombre = call + a spade a spade.* lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.* manera de ver las cosas = line of thought.* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.* más que ninguna otra cosa = beyond all else.* mismísima cosa, la = very thing, the.* muchas otras cosas = much else.* muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.* ni una cosa ni la otra = in-between, betwixt and between.* no conseguir ni una cosa ni otra = fall (between/through) + the cracks.* no pensar en otra cosa que = be wrapped up in.* no ser gran cosa = not add up to much, add up to + nothing.* no ser ni una cosa ni otra = fall between + two stools.* no significar gran cosa = not add up to much.* no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.* no valer gran cosa = be no great shakes.* no + Verbo + otra cosa que = Verbo + nothing else but.* ocultar las cosas = sweep + things under the rug.* otra cosa = something else.* otra cosa que no sea = anything other than.* para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.* para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.* para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury.* pasar a cosas más agradables = on a happier note.* poca cosa = small fry, the.* poner las cosas en marcha = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.* poner las cosas en movimiento = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.* poner las cosas en su lugar = set + the record straight.* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.* qué es cada cosa = what is what.* qué otra cosa = what else.* que se toma las cosas con calma = laid-back.* quitarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.* recoger las cosas = clear away + the things.* recoger las cosas de Uno antes de irse = pack + Posesivo + things.* restarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.* sacar las cosas de quicio = blow + things (up) out of (all) proportion.* sensación de no ser ni una cosa ni la otra = in-betweenness.* ser capaz de hacer cualquier cosa por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to.* sobre todas las cosas = above all things.* tener cosas en común = share + common ground.* tomarse las cosas a la ligera = make + light of things.* tomarse las cosas con calma = keep + a cool head, play it + cool.* una buena cosa = a good thing.* una cosa no + tener + nada que ver con la otra = one thing + have + nothing to do with the other.* una misma cosa = one and the same.* u otra cosa = or what not [whatnot].* ver las cosas de diferente manera = see + things differently.* ver las cosas de diferente modo = see + things differently.* ver las cosas desde una perspectiva = see + things from + perspective.* ver las cosas de una manera diferente = see + things differently.* ver las cosas de un modo diferente = see + things differently.* ver las cosas en su conjunto = see + things as a whole.* ver las cosas en su totalidad = see + things as a whole.* ver las cosas positivas = look on + the bright side.* ver las cosas positivas de la vida = look on + the bright side of life.* y otras cosas = and things.* y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.* * *1)a) ( objeto) thing¿alguna otra cosa? or ¿alguna cosa más? — anything else?
b) (acto, acción) thingno puedo hacer otra cosa — there's nothing else I can do o it's the only thing I can do
entre una(s) cosa(s) y otra(s)... — what with one thing and another...
c) ( al hablar)qué cosas dices! — really, what a thing to say!
dime una cosa... — tell me something...
oye, una cosa... — ( por cierto) by the way...
d) (detalle, punto)e) (asunto, tema) thingsi por cualquier cosa no puedes venir, avísame — if you can't come for any reason, let me know
esto no es cosa de broma/risa — this is no joke/no laughing matter
la cosa es que... — the thing is that...
2) cosas femenino plural ( pertenencias) things (pl)3) (situación, suceso)así están las cosas — that's how things are o stand
la cosa se pone negra/fea — things are starting to get unpleasant
¿cómo te van las cosas? — how are things?
¿cómo está la cosa? — ( cómo está la situación) how are things?; ( cómo estás) (Ven) how are you doing?
lo que son las cosas! — well, well! o fancy that! (colloq)
en mi vida he visto/oído cosa igual — I've never seen/heard anything like it
cosa rara en él, se equivocó — he made a mistake, which is unusual for him
qué cosa más extraña! — how strange o funny!
esto es cosa de magia or de brujería — this is witchcraft!
una cosa es ser bueno y otra ser el mejor — being good is one thing, but being the best is quite another
4)a) (fam) ( ocurrencia)tienes cada cosa! — the things you come up (AmE) o (BrE) out with!
b) ( comportamiento típico)5) ( incumbencia)no te preocupes, eso es cosa mía — don't worry, I'll handle it
6) ( en locs)cosa de — (AmS fam) so as to
cosa que — (AmS fam) so that
no sea or no vaya a ser cosa que: llévate el paraguas, no sea cosa que llueva take your umbrella just in case; átalo, no sea cosa que se escape tie it up so that it doesn't get away; o cosa así or so; cada cosa a su tiempo one thing at a time; como quien no quiere la cosa casually; como si tal cosa: no puedes irte como si tal cosa you can't go just like that o as if nothing had happened; le dije que era peligroso y siguió como si tal cosa I told him it was dangerous but he just carried on o he carried on regardless; cosa de... (fam): es cosa de unos minutos it'll (only) take a couple of minutes; es cosa de intentarlo you just have to give it a go; está a cosa de dos kilómetros it's about two kilometers; darle cosa a alguien (fam): me da cosa comer caracoles/ver sangre eating snails/the sight of blood makes me feel funny; me da cosa pedirle tanto dinero I feel awkward asking him for so much money; decirle a alguien un par de or cuatro cosas (fam) to tell somebody a thing or two; no ser gran cosa (fam) to be nothing special (colloq); poca cosa: es muy poca cosa ( en apariencia) he's not much to look at; ( en personalidad) he's not up to much (colloq); queda algo pero poca cosa there's some left but not much; un trabajo así es muy poca cosa para ella a job like that isn't good enough for her; poner las cosas en su lugar or sitio to put o set the record straight; ser cosa hecha (CS) to be a foregone conclusion; ser/parecer otra cosa: esto es otra cosa!, ahora sí se oye this is more like it! you can hear it now; con ese peinado parece otra cosa she looks a new woman with that hairstyle; ¿invitas tú? eso es otra cosa! are you paying? oh well, that's different, then!; las cosas claras — I like to know where I stand
* * *= thing, item, business [businesses, -pl.].Ex: A collection of medical books for the general public in a public library may deal with the same range of topics, but the indexing can probably be more broad than in a specialist index, and the terms used for the same thing may be different.
Ex: Since only twenty or so items can be displayed on the screen at a time, the &\#8593; (Up), &\#8595; (Down), Page Up and Page Down keys are used to scroll through the listing.Ex: I think this whole business about whether punctuation is obtrusive or not is quite honestly not worth discussing.* aclarar las cosas = set + the record straight.* acostumbrarse a las cosas = get (back) into + the swings of things, things + grow on + Pronombre.* apostarse cualquier cosa = bet + Posesivo + life.* arreglar las cosas = put + things right.* así son las cosas = that's they way things are.* a veces las cosas salen mal = shit happens.* cambiar las cosas desde dentro = change + things from the inside.* capaz de hacer cualquier cosa = capable of anything.* casi cualquier cosa = just about anything.* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.* complicar las cosas = make + things complex, add + salt to the wound, add + salt to injury, add + insult to injury, rub + salt in the wound.* conjunto de cosas afines, el = whole schmier, the.* correr un velo sobre las cosas = sweep + things under the rug.* cosa esencial = essential.* cosa hecha = plain sailing, walkover.* cosa indeseable = beast.* cosa inútil = dead horse.* cosa que se inserta = insert.* cosas = stuff, matters, bits and pieces.* cosas buenas = goodies [goody, -sing.].* cosas + cambiar inesperadamente = things + take a turn for the unexpected.* cosas como = the likes of.* cosas de la casa = household chores.* cosa secundaria = accidentals.* cosas + empeorar = things + get worse, things + get rough.* cosas esenciales, las = basic essentials, the.* cosas este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.* cosas inútiles = deadwood [dead wood].* cosas + ir bien = things + go well.* cosas + mejorar = things + get better.* cosas + ponerse feas = things + get rough.* cosas que dan miedo = things that go bump in the night.* cosas ricas = goodies [goody, -sing.].* cosas + salir bien = things + work out.* cosas transitorias, las = transient, the.* cosa superficial = accidentals.* cosa viva = living thing.* cualquier cosa = anything.* cualquier cosa que no sea = anything but.* cualquier otra cosa = anything else, whatever else.* dar cualquier cosa por Algo = give + an eye-tooth for/to.* dar las cosas masticadas = spoon-feed [spoon feed/spoonfeed].* dar sentido a las cosas = meaning making.* dejar las cosas como están = let + the matter + rest, let + sleeping dogs lie.* dejar las cosas tranquilas = let + sleeping dogs lie.* dejar que Alguien haga las cosas a su manera = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.* economizar en cosas importantes y derrochar en nimiedades = penny wise, pound foolish.* el estado de las cosas = the lay of the land [the lie of the land, -UK].* empeorar las cosas = make + matters + worse, add + salt to the wound, make + things worse, add + salt to injury, add + insult to injury, rub + salt in the wound.* encontrar cosas comunes = find + common ground.* en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.* enmarañar las cosas = muddy + the waters.* en otro orden de cosas = on another topic, as for, as regards, meanwhile, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.* enredar las cosas = muddy + the waters.* entre otras cosas = amongst other things, for one thing, inter alia, among other things.* ese tipo de cosas = that sort of thing.* estar al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.* estar equivocado en + Número + cosas = be wrong on + Número + count(s).* facilitar las cosas = make + things easier.* forma de ver las cosas = way of putting things together, bent of mind.* gran cosa = big deal.* grupo de personas o cosas de la misma edad o categoría = peer group.* hacer cambiar las cosas = turn + the tide on.* hacer cosas = get + things done.* hacer cualquier cosa = do + anything, give + Posesivo + right arm.* haciendo cosas = up and about.* jugarse cualquier cosa = bet + Posesivo + life.* la cosa es que = the thing is.* la cosa principal = the number one thing.* la forma correcta de hacer las cosas = the way to go.* la forma de ver las cosas = the way + to see things.* las cosas + cambiar = pendulum + swing.* las cosas + estar + claras = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.* las cosas no pasan así como así = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).* las cosas no pasan (así) porque sí = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).* las cosas no son tan simples como parecen = there's more to it than meets the eye.* las cosas siguen igual = business as usual.* las cosas sólo pasan una vez = lightning never strikes twice.* las cosas son más complicadas de lo que parecen = there's more to it than meets the eye.* las cosas tal y como son = the birds and the bees.* llamar las cosas por su nombre = call + a spade a spade.* lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.* manera de ver las cosas = line of thought.* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.* más que ninguna otra cosa = beyond all else.* mismísima cosa, la = very thing, the.* muchas otras cosas = much else.* muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.* ni una cosa ni la otra = in-between, betwixt and between.* no conseguir ni una cosa ni otra = fall (between/through) + the cracks.* no pensar en otra cosa que = be wrapped up in.* no ser gran cosa = not add up to much, add up to + nothing.* no ser ni una cosa ni otra = fall between + two stools.* no significar gran cosa = not add up to much.* no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.* no valer gran cosa = be no great shakes.* no + Verbo + otra cosa que = Verbo + nothing else but.* ocultar las cosas = sweep + things under the rug.* otra cosa = something else.* otra cosa que no sea = anything other than.* para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.* para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.* para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury.* pasar a cosas más agradables = on a happier note.* poca cosa = small fry, the.* poner las cosas en marcha = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.* poner las cosas en movimiento = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.* poner las cosas en su lugar = set + the record straight.* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.* qué es cada cosa = what is what.* qué otra cosa = what else.* que se toma las cosas con calma = laid-back.* quitarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.* recoger las cosas = clear away + the things.* recoger las cosas de Uno antes de irse = pack + Posesivo + things.* restarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.* sacar las cosas de quicio = blow + things (up) out of (all) proportion.* sensación de no ser ni una cosa ni la otra = in-betweenness.* ser capaz de hacer cualquier cosa por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to.* sobre todas las cosas = above all things.* tener cosas en común = share + common ground.* tomarse las cosas a la ligera = make + light of things.* tomarse las cosas con calma = keep + a cool head, play it + cool.* una buena cosa = a good thing.* una cosa no + tener + nada que ver con la otra = one thing + have + nothing to do with the other.* una misma cosa = one and the same.* u otra cosa = or what not [whatnot].* ver las cosas de diferente manera = see + things differently.* ver las cosas de diferente modo = see + things differently.* ver las cosas desde una perspectiva = see + things from + perspective.* ver las cosas de una manera diferente = see + things differently.* ver las cosas de un modo diferente = see + things differently.* ver las cosas en su conjunto = see + things as a whole.* ver las cosas en su totalidad = see + things as a whole.* ver las cosas positivas = look on + the bright side.* ver las cosas positivas de la vida = look on + the bright side of life.* y otras cosas = and things.* y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.* * *A1 objeto2 acto, acción3 al hablar4 detalle, punto5 asunto, temaCompuestos:B1 pertenencias2 utensilios, equipoC situación, sucesoD1 ocurrencia2 comportamiento típicoE incumbenciaF peneG marihuanaH en locucionesA1 (objeto) thingcualquier cosa anything¿alguna otra cosa? or ¿alguna cosa más? anything else?pon cada cosa en su sitio put everything in its placete he traído una cosita I've brought you a little something¡pero qué cosa más bonita! ( fam); what a pretty thing!queda poca cosa there's hardly anything leftlo tienen que operar de no sé qué cosa he has to have an operation for something or other, he has to have some sort of operationhay muchas cosas que ver there are lots of things to see, there's plenty to see2(acto, acción): no sé hacer otra cosa it's the only thing I know how to dolo siento pero no puedo hacer otra cosa I'm sorry but there's nothing else I can do o it's the only thing I can dome gusta hacer las cosas bien I like to do things properlyno me gusta dejar las cosas a medias I don't like doing things by halvesentre una(s) cosa(s) y otra(s) se me pasó el tiempo volando with one thing and another the time just flew byme parece la cosa más natural del mundo I think that's absolutely normal o right3(al hablar): ¡qué cosas dices, hombre! really, what a thing to say! o you do say some strange ( o silly etc) things!dime una cosa ¿tú que piensas de todo esto? tell me, what do you make of all this?oye, una cosa … ¿qué vas a hacer esta noche? by the way … what are you doing tonight?tengo que contarte una cosa there's something I have to tell you4(detalle, punto): aquí habría que aclarar una cosa importante there's an important point here that I ought to clear upaquí hay una cosa que no entiendo there's something here I don't understand5 (asunto, tema) thingtenía cosas más importantes en que pensar I had more important things to think abouthay un par de cosas que me gustaría discutir contigo there are a couple of things o matters I'd like to discuss with youno creo que la cosa funcione I don't think it's o this is going to workestá muy preocupada, y la cosa no es para menos she's very worried, and so she should be¡pues sí que tiene gracia la cosa! ( iró fam); well, that's great, isn't it! ( iro colloq)no va a ser cosa fácil it's not going to be easyen mis tiempos casarse era cosa seria in my day getting married was a serious thing o matterse enfada por cualquier cosa he gets angry over the slightest thingsi por cualquier cosa no puedes venir, avísame if you can't come for any reason, let me knowpor una cosa o por otra, siempre llega tarde for one reason or other he always arrives lateesto no es otra cosa que nervios it's just nervesesto no es cosa de broma/risa this is no joke, this is no laughing matterla cosa es que no voy a tener tiempo the thing is that o it's just that I'm not going to have timela cosa es que si no llega en cinco minutos me voy look o well, if he's not here in five minutes, I'm goingCompuestos:( Der) res judicatares publica1 (pertenencias) things (pl)se ha llevado todas sus cosas she's taken all her things o belongingslas cosas de limpiar the cleaning thingsmis cosas de deporte my sports things o gear ( colloq)C(situación, suceso): así están las cosas that's how things are o standla cosa se pone negra/fea things are getting o the situation is getting unpleasant¿cómo te van las cosas? how are things?¿cómo está la cosa? ( Ven); how are things?las cosas no andan muy bien entre ellos things aren't too good between themesas cosas no pasaban antes things like that never used to happen beforeson cosas de la vida that's life!¡lo que son las cosas! well, well! o fancy that! ( colloq)son cosas que pasan that's the way things go, these things happenademás, las cosas como son, conmigo siempre se ha portado bien besides, I have to admit he's always treated me wellen mi vida he visto/oído cosa igual I've never seen/heard anything like itcosa rara en él, se equivocó he made a mistake, which is unusual for him¡qué cosa más extraña! how strange o funny!no hay tal cosa it's not true at allesto parece cosa de magia or de brujería or ( RPl) de Mandinga this is witchcraft!una cosa es que te lo preste y otra muy distinta que te lo regale lending it to you is one thing, but giving it to you is another matter altogetherD1 ( fam)(ocurrencia): ¡tienes cada cosa! the things you think of!, the ideas you come up with!díselo como si fuera cosa tuya tell him as if it were your ideaesto es cosa de tu padre this is your father's doing o idea¡qué va a ser peligroso! eso son cosas de ella of course it isn't dangerous! that's just one of her funny notions o ideas2(comportamiento típico): no te preocupes, son cosas de niños don't worry, children are like that o do things like thatE(incumbencia): no te metas, no es cosa tuya stay out of it, it's none of your businessno te preocupes, eso es cosa mía don't worry, I'll handle iteso es cosa de mujeres that's women's workdéjalo que se vista como quiera, eso es cosa suya let him wear what he wants, it's up to him o that's his businessHme fui a dormir cosa de olvidarme I went to bed (so as) to forget about itlo anotaré aquí, cosa que no se me olvide I'll jot it down here so (that) I don't forgetno sea or no vaya a ser cosa que: llévate el paraguas, no sea cosa que llueva take your umbrella just in case it rainsátalo, no sea cosa que se escape tie it up so that it doesn't get awaymejor vamos ahora, no sea cosa que nos quedemos sin entradas we'd better go now, we don't want to get there and find there are no tickets leftigual cosa ( Chi): tuvo un hijo varón, igual cosa su hermana she had a baby boy, and so did her sister o just like her sistero cosa así or sodos horas/diez toneladas o cosa así two hours/ten tons or socada cosa a su tiempo one thing at a timecomo quien no quiere la cosa: menciónaselo como quien no quiere la cosa mention it to him casually o in passing, just slip it into the conversationcomo si tal cosa: no puedes irte como si tal cosa you can't go just like that o as if nothing had happenedle dije que era peligroso y siguió como si tal cosa I told him it was dangerous but he just carried on o he carried on regardlesscosa de … ( fam): es cosa de unos minutos it'll (only) take a couple of minuteses cosa de esperar, nada más it's just a question o a matter of time, that's allhace cosa de cuatro años que murió it's about o it's some four years since he diedno está muy lejos, cosa de dos kilómetros it's not very far, about two kilometerscosa fina ( Esp fam): los trenes en este país son cosa fina the trains in this country are really something o are something else ( colloq)nos divertimos cosa fina we had a whale of a time ( colloq)darle cosa a algn ( fam): me da cosa comer caracoles/ver sangre eating snails/the sight of blood makes me feel funnyme da cosa pedirle tanto dinero I feel awkward asking him for so much moneydecirle a algn un par de or cuatro cosas ( fam); to tell sb a thing or twodecir una cosa por otra to say one thing but mean anothergran cosa ( fam): la comida no fue gran cosa the food was nothing to write home about o nothing special ( colloq)su novio/la película no es or vale gran cosa her boyfriend/the movie is no great shakes ( colloq)poca cosa: es un niño delgado y poquita cosa he's a thin child, not much to look atella tan brillante y él tan poca cosa she's so brilliant and he's so mediocre, she's so brilliant but he's not up to much o he's pretty run-of-the-mill ( colloq)le dejó algo de dinero, pero poca cosa she left him some money, but not a vast amount o not muchun trabajo así es muy poca cosa para ella a job like that isn't good enough for herponer las cosas en su sitio or lugar to put o set the record straightser cosa hecha (CS); to be a foregone conclusionser/parecer otra cosa: ¡esto es otra cosa!, ahora si que se oye bien this is much better! o this is more like it! you can hear it really well nowcon ese nuevo peinado ya parece otra cosa with her new hairstyle she looks a new woman¡eso es otra cosa! si tú invitas sí que voy ah, that's different! o ( colloq) that's another kettle of fish! if you're paying, I will golas cosas claras y el chocolate espeso I like to know where I standlas cosas de palacio van despacio these things take time ( gen referring to bureaucracy)* * *
Del verbo coser: ( conjugate coser)
cosa es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
cosa
coser
cosa sustantivo femenino
1 ( en general) thing;
¿alguna otra cosa? anything else?;
pon cada cosa en su lugar put everything in its place;
entre una(s) cosa(s) y otra(s) … what with one thing and another …;
¡qué cosas dices! really, what a thing to say!;
dime una cosa … tell me something …;
tengo que contarte una cosa there's something I have to tell you;
fue cosa fácil it was easy;
se enfada por cualquier cosa he gets angry over the slightest thing;
si por cualquier cosa no puedes venir if you can't come for any reason;
por una cosa o por otra for one reason or another;
esto no es cosa de risa/broma this is no laughing matter/no joke
2
mis cosas de deporte my sports things
3 (situación, suceso):◊ así están las cosas that's how things are o stand;
la cosa se pone fea things are starting to get unpleasant;
¿cómo (te) van las cosas? how are things?;
son cosas de la vida that's life!;
¡qué cosa más extraña! how strange o funny!
4a) (fam) ( ocurrencia):◊ ¡tienes cada cosa! the things you come up (AmE) o (BrE) out with!;
esto es cosa de tu padre this is your father's doing o ideab) ( comportamiento típico):
son cosas de Ana that's one of Ana's little ways
5 ( asunto):
no te preocupes, eso es cosa mía don't worry, I'll handle it
6 ( en locs)
cosa de terminarlo so as to finish it;
cosa que (AmS fam) so that;
cosa que no me olvide so that I don't forget;
no sea cosa que: llévate el paraguas, no sea cosa que llueva take your umbrella just in case;
átalo, no sea cosa que se escape tie it up so that it doesn't get away;
ser cosa de … (fam): es cosa de unos minutos it'll (only) take a couple of minutes;
es cosa de intentarlo you just have to give it a go
coser ( conjugate coser) verbo transitivo
‹ botón› to sew on;
‹ agujero› to sew (up);
verbo intransitivo
to sew
cosa sustantivo femenino
1 thing: no hay otra cosa que comer, there's nothing else to eat
2 (asunto) matter, business: es cosa mía, that's my business
eso es otra cosa, that's different
no hay cosa más importante que tu felicidad, there is nothing more important than your happiness
2 cosas, (asuntos) affairs
cosas de chiquillos, kids' stuff
cosas de mayores, grown-up stuff
¡cosas de la vida!, that's life!
3 (ocurrencias) ¡qué cosas tienes!, what a weird idea!
♦ Locuciones: el apartamento no es gran cosa, the apartment is not up to much
lo que son las cosas, would you believe it
no he visto cosa igual, I've never seen anything like it
decir cuatro cosas, to tell a few home truths
ser cosa de, to be a matter of: es cosa de tener paciencia, it's a matter of patience
(como) cosa de, about: hace (como) cosa de una hora, about an hour ago
coser verbo transitivo
1 to sew
2 Med to stitch up
♦ Locuciones: familiar es coser y cantar, it's a piece of cake
' cosa' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
absurda
- absurdo
- arder
- bicoca
- carroña
- chisme
- chollo
- como
- conformarse
- consigo
- cual
- cualquier
- cualquiera
- cuidada
- cuidado
- cuya
- cuyo
- debilidad
- dejar
- él
- ella
- esmerada
- esmerado
- exquisitez
- frivolidad
- indemne
- la
- le
- limitarse
- mamarrachada
- más
- menuda
- menudo
- mía
- mío
- muchachada
- nada
- niñería
- novedad
- pedir
- pegajosa
- pegajoso
- pegote
- pillar
- plantar
- preciosidad
- preguntar
- presidir
- prodigio
- propia
English:
absence
- annoyance
- anything
- arrival
- article
- attraction
- available
- awkward
- blissful
- bore
- brittle
- bulk
- certainty
- clip
- clumsy
- come across
- commonplace
- compromise
- confuse
- connection
- convenient
- dead wood
- deficiency
- defunct
- demise
- discreet
- disposable
- ditch
- drag
- dream
- else
- escape
- fall off
- film
- get back
- gullible
- helpful
- hulk
- invention
- joke
- laugh
- lemon
- liable
- lodge
- love
- lust
- misplaced
- more
- necessity
- need
* * *♦ nf1. [objeto, idea] thing;comprar unas cosas en el mercado to buy a few things at the market;alguna cosa anything;¿quieres alguna cosa? is there anything you want?;cualquier cosa anything;venden recuerdos, postales y cosas así they sell souvenirs, postcards and so on o and the like;una cosa, ¿podrías venir mañana? by the way, could you come tomorrow?;escucha, una cosa, ¿por qué no te quedas esta noche? listen, I've an idea, why don't you stay here tonight?;tengo que decirte una cosa I've got something to tell you;dime una cosa, ¿qué opinas de ella? tell me (something), what do you think of her?;es la cosa más natural del mundo it's the most natural thing in the world, it's completely normal;¡esas cosas no se dicen! you mustn't say things like that!;¡esas cosas no se hacen! it just isn't done!;este vino es cosa fina this wine is good stuff;¡habráse visto cosa igual! have you ever seen the like of it!;fue una cosa nunca vista it was really out of the ordinary;no hay tal cosa on the contrary;¡qué cosa! how strange!;no te preocupes, no es gran cosa don't worry, it's not important o it's no big deal;este cuadro no vale gran cosa this painting isn't up to much;te han dejado poca cosa they haven't left you much, they've hardly left you anything;un bocadillo es poca cosa para un chico tan voraz como él a sandwich is very little for a hungry boy like him;nos hemos comprado un apartamento, muy poquita cosa we've bought Br a flat o US an apartment, but it's nothing fancy;es guapo, pero muy poquita cosa he's good-looking, but he hasn't got much of a body;decir cuatro cosas a alguien: cuando lo vea le voy a decir cuatro cosas when I next see him I'm going to give him a piece of my mind;llamar a las cosas por su nombre [hablar sin rodeos] to call a spade a spade;llamemos a las cosas por su nombre,… let's be honest about it,…entre unas cosas y otras what with one thing and another;por unas cosas o por otras, no nos quedó tiempo de escribirte for one reason or another we didn't have time to write to you;la cosa es que ahora no quiere firmar el contrato the thing is she doesn't want to sign the contract any more;está muy enfadada, y la cosa no es para menos, le han robado el coche she's very angry and with good reason, she's had her car stolen;cada cosa a su tiempo one thing at a time;no me preguntes por qué no queda comida, es cosa de los niños don't ask me why there's no food left, ask the children;esto es cosa de magia, estoy seguro de que ayer lo dejé aquí this is most strange, I could swear I left it here yesterday;no es cosa de risa it's no laughing matter;eso de cambiar de trabajo es cosa de pensárselo changing jobs is something you need to think about carefully;es cosa de tener paciencia it's a question of being patient;no era cosa de presentarse sin avisar you couldn't just turn up without warning;con el ambiente de seriedad que había, no era cosa de contar un chiste given the seriousness of the atmosphere, it was neither the time nor the place to tell a joke;eso es cosa mía that's my affair o business;no te metas en la discusión, que no es cosa tuya you keep out of the argument, it's none of your business;eso es cosa fácil that's easy;convencerle no será cosa fácil it won't be easy o it'll be no easy task to convince him;esto es cosa seria this is a serious matter;eso es otra cosa that's another matter;¡eso es otra cosa!, esa camisa te sienta mucho mejor that's more like it, that shirt suits you much better!…y así es como están las cosas …and that's how things are at the moment;¿cómo van las cosas? how are o how's things?;estas cosas no pasarían si fuéramos más cuidadosos these things wouldn't happen if we were more careful;Famla cosa se pone fea things are getting ugly, there's trouble brewing;Famla cosa está que arde things are reaching boiling pointFamlas cosas de palacio van despacio these things usually take some time;4. [ocurrencia] funny remark;se le ocurren cosas graciosísimas she comes out with some really funny stuff o remarks;¡qué cosas tienes! you do say some funny things!5. [comportamiento]son cosas de mamá that's just the way Mum is, that's just one of Mum's little idiosyncrasies;no les riñas, son cosas de niños don't tell them off, children are like that;tenemos que aceptar su muerte, son cosas de la vida we have to accept her death, it's one of those things (that happen)6. [en frases negativas] [nada]no hay cosa peor que la hipocresía there's nothing worse than hypocrisy;no hay cosa que me reviente más que su falta de interés there's nothing (that) annoys me more than her lack of interest, what annoys me most is her lack of interestel olor a hospital me da cosa the smell of hospitals makes me feel uneasy9. Compo cosa así: [m5] tendrá treinta años o cosa así he must be thirty or thereabouts;(como) cosa de [aproximadamente] about;tardará (como) cosa de tres semanas it'll take about three weeks;a cosa hecha: se presentó al examen a cosa hecha he took o Br sat the exam convinced he would pass;hacer algo como quien no quiere la cosa [disimuladamente] to do sth innocently;[sin querer] to do sth almost without realizing it;como si tal cosa as if nothing had happened;ser cosa de oír/ver: las declaraciones del ganador son cosa de oír the winner's remarks are worth hearing;esta exposición es cosa de ver this exhibition is really worth seeing;Esp Famcosa mala: me apetece ver esa película cosa mala I'm dying to see that movie o Br film, Br I want to see that film something chronic;está lloviendo cosa mala it's pouring down, Br it's chucking it down;me gusta cosa mala I fancy the pants off her, Br I fancy her something chronic;Fama otra cosa, mariposa that's enough about that, let's change the subject;es cosa rara que se equivoque it's very rare for her to make a mistake;no ha llegado todavía, cosa rara porque siempre es muy puntual he hasn't arrived yet, which is strange, as he's usually very punctual;ni cosa que se le parezca nor anything of the kind;no sea cosa que: ten cuidado, no sea cosa que te vayas a caer be careful or you'll fall;se lo diré yo, no sea cosa que se vaya a enterar por otra persona I'll tell him because I wouldn't want him to find out from somebody else;Famlas cosas claras y el chocolate espeso stop beating around the bush, tell me things as they are;las cosas como son, nunca vas a aprobar ese examen let's face it, you're never going to pass that exam;¡lo que son las cosas! it's a funny old world!;♦ cosas nfpl[pertenencias, utensilios] things;tras su muerte, metieron sus cosas en un baúl after his death, they put his things o belongings in a trunk;¿dónde guardas las cosas de pescar? where do you keep your fishing things o tackle?* * *f thing;¿sabes una cosa? do you know something?;alguna cosa something;ser cosa fina be really something fam, be something else fam ;son cosas que pasan these things happen;son cosas de la vida that’s life;entre otras cosas among other things;como si tal cosa as if nothing had happened;decir a alguien cuatro cosas give s.o. a piece of one’s mind;eso es otra cosa that’s another matter;¿qué pasa? – poca cosa what’s new? – nothing much;cosa de about;hace cosa de un año about a year ago;le dijo que había ganado la lotería como quien no quiere la cosa he told her that he had won the lottery as though it happened to him every day;este pintor no es gran cosa he’s not much of a painter;no hay tal cosa there’s no such thing;¡qué cosa! that’s odd o strange!;lo que son las cosas well, well!, imagine that!;cosa rara oddly enough, strangely enough;son cosas de Juan that’s typical of Juan, that’s Juan all over* * *cosa nf1) : thing, object2) : matter, affair3)otra cosa : anything else, something else* * *cosa n1. (en general) thing2. (algo) something¿quieres comer alguna cosa? do you want something to eat?3. (nada) nothing4. (asunto) affair / matter¡no te metas en mis cosas! don't interfere in my affairs!no ser gran cosa to be nothing much / not to be important -
3 pasillo
m.corridor.hacer (el) pasillo to form a corridorpasillo deslizante travelatorpasillo rodante travelator* * *1 corridor* * *noun m.corridor, aisle* * *SM1) (=corredor) [en casa, oficina] corridor; [en avión, teatro] aislepasillo aéreo — air corridor, air lane
pasillo móvil, pasillo rodante — travelator
2) (Pol) lobbyhacer pasillos — to engage in lobby discussions, lobby
3) (Teat) (=pieza corta) short piece, sketch* * ** * *= corridor, aisle, hallway, walkway, pedestrian walkway, alley, alleyway, gangway.Ex. Many infant and junior schools have books in the entrance hall and in the corridors as well as in the classrooms.Ex. Compact shelving eliminates all but one aisle in any set of ranges of shelving.Ex. When planning a library considerations need to be made of shared space, such as hallways, staff lounges, public restrooms, meeting rooms and storerooms.Ex. Areas that may be used include: windows; promenades and walkways; entrances and foyers.Ex. This article discusses the results of a survey of users of the Metro McGill Library situated on the pedestrian walkway of the McGill metro station, Montreal, Quebec.Ex. The article is entitled 'The Internet: superhighways, virtual alleys and dead end streets'.Ex. Upon questioning we find that those eminently pragmatic down-to-earth notions dwell in the darkest alleyways of metaphysics.Ex. The existing gangways are made of wood and exhibit signs of aging and some structural fatigue.----* frecuentar los pasillos del poder = stalk + the corridors of power.* hacer el pasillo = form + a guard of honour.* hacer el pasillo de honor = form + a guard of honour.* pasillo de salida = exit lane.* pasillo deslizante = travelator, moving walkway, moving sidewalk, moving pavement, walkalator.* pasillo móvil = travelator, moving walkway, moving sidewalk, moving pavement, walkalator.* pasillo rodante = travelator, moving walkway, moving sidewalk, moving pavement, walkalator.* pasillos del poder, los = corridors of power, the.* * ** * *= corridor, aisle, hallway, walkway, pedestrian walkway, alley, alleyway, gangway.Ex: Many infant and junior schools have books in the entrance hall and in the corridors as well as in the classrooms.
Ex: Compact shelving eliminates all but one aisle in any set of ranges of shelving.Ex: When planning a library considerations need to be made of shared space, such as hallways, staff lounges, public restrooms, meeting rooms and storerooms.Ex: Areas that may be used include: windows; promenades and walkways; entrances and foyers.Ex: This article discusses the results of a survey of users of the Metro McGill Library situated on the pedestrian walkway of the McGill metro station, Montreal, Quebec.Ex: The article is entitled 'The Internet: superhighways, virtual alleys and dead end streets'.Ex: Upon questioning we find that those eminently pragmatic down-to-earth notions dwell in the darkest alleyways of metaphysics.Ex: The existing gangways are made of wood and exhibit signs of aging and some structural fatigue.* frecuentar los pasillos del poder = stalk + the corridors of power.* hacer el pasillo = form + a guard of honour.* hacer el pasillo de honor = form + a guard of honour.* pasillo de salida = exit lane.* pasillo deslizante = travelator, moving walkway, moving sidewalk, moving pavement, walkalator.* pasillo móvil = travelator, moving walkway, moving sidewalk, moving pavement, walkalator.* pasillo rodante = travelator, moving walkway, moving sidewalk, moving pavement, walkalator.* pasillos del poder, los = corridors of power, the.* * *A1 (corredor) corridor2 (en un avión) aisleCompuesto:moving walkwayB ( Mús) Colombian folk dance* * *
pasillo sustantivo masculino ( corredor) corridor;
( en avión) aisle
pasillo sustantivo masculino corridor
' pasillo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
fondo
- paso
- atravesado
- ciego
- estrecho
- kilométrico
English:
aisle
- corridor
- end
- gangway
- passage
- passageway
- blunder
- collide
- gang
- hall
- walk
* * *pasillo nm1. [en casa, edificio] corridor;[en avión] aisle;hacer (el) pasillo to form a corridor [for people to walk down];abrirse pasillo entre la multitud to make o force one's way through the crowdpasillo aéreo air corridor;pasillo deslizante moving walkway;pasillo de honor [en fútbol] guard of honour [formed by the team about to play the champions to applaud them onto the pitch];pasillo móvil moving walkway;pasillo rodante moving walkway2. Col, Ecuad, Pan [baile, música] = folk song and dance* * *m* * *pasillo nmcorredor: hallway, corridor, aisle* * *pasillo n1. (de una casa, hospital, colegio) corridor2. (de un avión, cine, iglesia, tienda) aisle -
4 sublime
adj.sublime.pres.subj.1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: sublimar.* * *► adjetivo1 sublime2 (noble) noble, lofty1 the sublime* * *ADJ1) (=excelso) sublime2) liter (=alto) high, lofty* * *adjetivo <acción/sacrificio> noble; <cuadro/música> sublime* * *= grand [grander -comp., grandes -sup.], sublime, lofty [loftier -comp., loftiest -sup.], heavenly.Ex. As Carlyle saw it, 'the grand use of any catalog is to tell you, in any intelligible way, that such and such books are in the library'.Ex. Discoveries and developments, as well as purely literary work, are constituted in such a way as to make it difficult any longer to sustain the inherited notions of the sublime inventor, the lone genius, the poet as solitary = Los descubrimientos y los avances, además de las obras puramente literarias, son de tal forma que es difícil seguir manteniendo la idea que hemos heredado sobre el inventor sublime, el genio solitario, el poeta en solitario.Ex. Librarians across the world should set themselves the lofty task of striving to create a global society in which people enjoy peaceful coexistence.Ex. It is a matter of basic safety for everyone on board, before casting off in the morning for that next heavenly anchorage, to see that everything be properly stowed and secured.----* de forma sublime = subliminally.* de lo ridículo a lo sublime = from the ridiculous to the sublime.* de lo sublime a lo ridículo = from the sublime to the ridiculous.* hacer sublime = sublimate.* sublime, lo = sublime, the.* * *adjetivo <acción/sacrificio> noble; <cuadro/música> sublime* * *= grand [grander -comp., grandes -sup.], sublime, lofty [loftier -comp., loftiest -sup.], heavenly.Ex: As Carlyle saw it, 'the grand use of any catalog is to tell you, in any intelligible way, that such and such books are in the library'.
Ex: Discoveries and developments, as well as purely literary work, are constituted in such a way as to make it difficult any longer to sustain the inherited notions of the sublime inventor, the lone genius, the poet as solitary = Los descubrimientos y los avances, además de las obras puramente literarias, son de tal forma que es difícil seguir manteniendo la idea que hemos heredado sobre el inventor sublime, el genio solitario, el poeta en solitario.Ex: Librarians across the world should set themselves the lofty task of striving to create a global society in which people enjoy peaceful coexistence.Ex: It is a matter of basic safety for everyone on board, before casting off in the morning for that next heavenly anchorage, to see that everything be properly stowed and secured.* de forma sublime = subliminally.* de lo ridículo a lo sublime = from the ridiculous to the sublime.* de lo sublime a lo ridículo = from the sublime to the ridiculous.* hacer sublime = sublimate.* sublime, lo = sublime, the.* * *1 ‹acción/sacrificio› sublime, noble, lofty2 ‹cuadro/música› sublime* * *
Del verbo sublimar: ( conjugate sublimar)
sublimé es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
sublime es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
sublimar
sublime
sublime adjetivo ‹acción/sacrificio› noble;
‹cuadro/música› sublime
sublimar verbo transitivo
1 to sublimate
2 Quím to sublimate
sublime adjetivo sublime
' sublime' also found in these entries:
English:
lofty
- sublime
* * *sublime adjsublime* * *adj sublime* * *sublime adj: sublime -
5 situer
situer [sitye]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verba. ( = placer, construire) to situate2. reflexive verba. (emploi réfléchi) to place o.s.• essayer de se situer par rapport à qn/qch to try to place o.s. in relation to sb/sthb. ( = se trouver) (dans l'espace) to be situated ; (dans le temps) to take place ; (par rapport à des notions) to stand• l'action/cette scène se situe à Paris the action/this scene takes place in Paris• la hausse des prix se situera entre 5% et 10% prices will rise by between 5% and 10%* * *sitɥe
1.
1) ( déterminer la position de) ( dans l'espace) to locate [ville, pays]; ( dans le temps) to place2) ( définir) to situate [écrivain, œuvre]3) ( placer)situer une histoire en 2001/à Palerme — to set a story in 2001/in Palermo
2.
se situer verbe pronominal1) ( se dérouler)se situer à Paris/à l'époque de la Révolution — to be set in Paris/at the time of the Revolution
2) ( être)politiquement, je me situe plutôt à gauche/droite — politically I'm more to the left/right
* * *sitɥe vt1) (= placer) [maison] to situate2) (pouvoir localiser dans l'espace) [ville, bâtiment, rue] to place, to locate, (dans le temps) to place3) [roman, film, action] to set* * *situer verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( déterminer la position de) ( dans l'espace) to locate [ville, pays]; ( dans le temps) to place; notre maison est située dans le nord d'Oxford our house is on the north side of Oxford; l'hôtel est bien situé the hotel is in a good location; situer un événement dans le temps to situate an event historically;2 ( définir) to situate [écrivain, œuvre]; un homme qu'on a du mal à situer politiquement a man whose politics are difficult to define;3 ( placer) situer une histoire en 2001/à Palerme to set a story in 2001/in Palermo.B se situer vpr1 ( se dérouler) se situer à Paris/à l'époque de la Révolution to be set in Paris/at the time of the Revolution;2 ( être) politiquement, je me situe plutôt à gauche/droite politically I'm more to the left/right; ses résultats se situent plutôt dans la moyenne his/her results are more or less average.[sitɥe] verbe transitif3. (familier) [cerner - personne] to define————————se situer verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)se situer par rapport à quelqu'un/quelque chose to place oneself in relation to somebody/something————————se situer verbe pronominal intransitif[généralement] to be situated ou located[scène, action] to take placeoù se situe-t-elle dans le mouvement expressionniste? where would you place her in the expressionist movement?l'augmentation se situera aux alentours de 3 % the increase will be in the region of 3% -
6 Heuristics
[A]t one point AM [Automatic Mathematician] had some notions of sets, set-operations, numbers, and simple arithmetic. One heuristic rule it knew said " If F is an interesting relation, then look at its inverse". This rule fired after AM had studied "multiplication" for a while. The r.h.s. of the rule then directed AM to define and study the relation "divisors-of" (e.g. divisors-of (12) {1,2,3,4,6,12}. Another heuristic rule that later fired said " If f is a relation from A into B, then it's worth examining those members of A which map into extremal members of B." In this case, f was matched to "divisors-of", A was "numbers", B was "sets of numbers", and an extremal member of B might be, e.g., a very small set of numbers. Thus this heuristic rule caused AM to define the set of numbers with no divisors, the set of numbers with only 1 divisor, with only 2 divisors, etc. One of these sets (the last [ sic] mentioned) turned out subsequently to be quite important; these numbers are of course the primes. (Lenat & Harris, 1978, p. 30)Extraordinarily rapid progress during the early stages of an attack on a new problem area is a rather common occurrence in AI research; it merely signifies that the test cases with which the system has been challenged are below the level of difficulty where combinatorial explosion of the number of pathways in the problem space sets in.... It is the goal of AI research to move that threshold higher and higher on the scale of problem complexity through the introduction of heuristics-heuristics to reduce the rate of growth of the solution tree, heuristics to guide the development of the tree so that it will be rich in pathways leading to satisfactory problem solutions, and heuristics to direct the search to the "best" of these pathways. (Gelernter, quoted in Barr & Feigenbaum, 1982, pp. 139-140)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Heuristics
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7 apreciar
v.1 to appreciate.aprecio mucho tu ayuda I really appreciate your helpYo aprecio tu ayuda I appreciate your help.2 to be fond of.3 to detect, to notice.apreciaron una mejora significativa they detected o noticed a significant improvementpara apreciar mejor los detalles to be able to see the detail better4 to appreciate to.Yo aprecio escuchar las aves cantar I appreciate to hear the birds sing.5 to perceive, to comprehend, to understand.El apreció la gravedad del asunto He perceived the gravity of the matter.6 to appraise.El perito aprecia las joyas The expert appraises the jewels.* * *1 (valorar) to appraise (en, at)2 (sentir aprecio) to regard highly, hold in high esteem3 (reconocer valor) to appreciate4 (percibir) to notice, see, perceive1 (notarse) to be noticed, be noticeable* * *verbto appreciate, be fond of, value, esteem* * *1. VT1) (=tener cariño a) to be fond of, like2) (=valorar) to valueapreciar algo (en) poco — to attach little value to sth, set little value on sth
3) (=percibir) [+ comida, música] to appreciate4) (Econ) [+ moneda] to revalue5) (=agradecer) to appreciate6) (=detectar) to notice, detectno apreció el sarcasmo en sus palabras — he didn't notice o detect the sarcasm in her words
apreciaron una fractura en el hueso — they detected o found a bone fracture
este barómetro no aprecia cambios mínimos — this barometer doesn't detect o register very small changes
7) LAm (=realzar) to add value to, enhance, improve2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) < persona> to be fond of2) <interés/ayuda/arte> to appreciate3) (percibir, observar) to see2.apreciarse v pron (frml) moneda to appreciate (frml)* * *= appraise, appreciate, gain + an appreciation, have + a feeling about/for, cherish, relish, taste, prize [prise, -USA], take in, look up to, hold + Nombre + dear.Ex. If one walks round a large general booskshop and carefully appraises the stock on display it becomes clear quite quickly that there are many types of books which seem to bear a strong similarity to each other.Ex. Most users would appreciate disciplines placed adjacent to related disciplines.Ex. The students have gained an appreciation of how their library skills can contribute to furthering knowledge about the culture of their country.Ex. But if you have a certain feeling about language, then language ends up becoming very, very important.Ex. The British Museum Reading Room is filled with cranks, hacks, poverty-stricken scholars who cherish their hobby.Ex. They all relish a fast paced working environment, rapid change and constant challenges to traditional notions of what a library and library work should be.Ex. Professional skills are enhanced by the opportunity which IFLA provides to taste the cultures of other countries in a very accessible (dare I say privileged?) way.Ex. She was so poor that she had nothing but one single hen, which she prized as the apple of her eye.Ex. People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.Ex. No mattter how high I get, I'll still be looking up to you.Ex. Cuts in Government agriculture spending are an attack on everything we hold dear in this country.----* apreciar mejor = gain + an appreciation.* apreciar muchísimo = treasure.* capaz de apreciar = appreciative.* * *1.verbo transitivo1) < persona> to be fond of2) <interés/ayuda/arte> to appreciate3) (percibir, observar) to see2.apreciarse v pron (frml) moneda to appreciate (frml)* * *= appraise, appreciate, gain + an appreciation, have + a feeling about/for, cherish, relish, taste, prize [prise, -USA], take in, look up to, hold + Nombre + dear.Ex: If one walks round a large general booskshop and carefully appraises the stock on display it becomes clear quite quickly that there are many types of books which seem to bear a strong similarity to each other.
Ex: Most users would appreciate disciplines placed adjacent to related disciplines.Ex: The students have gained an appreciation of how their library skills can contribute to furthering knowledge about the culture of their country.Ex: But if you have a certain feeling about language, then language ends up becoming very, very important.Ex: The British Museum Reading Room is filled with cranks, hacks, poverty-stricken scholars who cherish their hobby.Ex: They all relish a fast paced working environment, rapid change and constant challenges to traditional notions of what a library and library work should be.Ex: Professional skills are enhanced by the opportunity which IFLA provides to taste the cultures of other countries in a very accessible (dare I say privileged?) way.Ex: She was so poor that she had nothing but one single hen, which she prized as the apple of her eye.Ex: People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.Ex: No mattter how high I get, I'll still be looking up to you.Ex: Cuts in Government agriculture spending are an attack on everything we hold dear in this country.* apreciar mejor = gain + an appreciation.* apreciar muchísimo = treasure.* capaz de apreciar = appreciative.* * *apreciar [A1 ]vtA ‹persona› to be fond ofun amigo al que aprecio mucho a very dear friendB1 ‹interés/ayuda› to appreciateaprecio muchísimo todo lo que has hecho por mí I really appreciate everything you've done for me2 ‹arte/música› to appreciatesabe apreciar la buena comida she appreciates good foodun café para los que saben apreciar lo que es bueno a coffee for true connoisseurs, a coffee for people who appreciate the good things in lifeC (percibir, observar) to seeen la radiografía se aprecian unas manchas oscuras some dark areas are visible o can be seen on the X-rayfue difícil apreciar la magnitud de los daños it was difficult to appreciate the extent of the damageeste año se ha apreciado un ligero descenso en el número de accidentes there has been a slight drop in the number of accidents this year* * *
apreciar ( conjugate apreciar) verbo transitivo
1 ‹ persona› to be fond of
2 ‹interés/ayuda/arte› to appreciate
3 (percibir, observar) to see;
apreciar verbo transitivo
1 to appreciate ➣ Ver nota en appreciate 2 (observar, ver) to notice, see
' apreciar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
distinguir
- gusto
English:
appreciate
- dear
- esteem
- kindly
- prize
- treasure
- appreciation
- cherish
- value
* * *♦ vt1. [valorar] to appreciate, to value;aprecio mucho tu ayuda I really appreciate your help;aprecia demasiado las cosas materiales she puts too high a value on material things;un plato muy apreciado por los turistas a dish that is very popular with tourists;no sabe apreciar una buena obra de teatro he doesn't know how to appreciate a good play2. [sentir afecto por]aprecio mucho a tu hermana I think a lot of your sister, I'm very fond of your sister3. [percibir] to detect, to notice;han apreciado una mejora significativa they have detected o noticed a significant improvement;acércate si quieres apreciar mejor los detalles come closer so you can see the detail better* * *v/t1 appreciate* * *apreciar vt1) estimar: to appreciate, to value2) evaluar: to appraise, to assess* * *apreciar vb1. (valorar) to appreciate / to value2. (estimar) to be fond of -
8 certain
certain, e [sεʀtɛ̃, εn]1. adjectivea. ( = convaincu) [personne] sure, certain• es-tu certain de rentrer ce soir ? are you sure or certain you'll be back this evening?• elle est certaine qu'ils viendront she's sure or certain they'll comec. ( = plus ou moins défini avant le nom) un certain... a (certain)...• un certain ministre disait même que... a certain minister even said that...• un certain M. Leblanc vous a demandé a Mr Leblanc was asking for you• un certain nombre d'éléments font penser que... a number of things lead one to think that...• dans certains cas in some or certain cases• sans certaines notions de base without some or certain basic notions2. plural indefinite pronoun• certains disent que... some people say that...• il y en a certains qui... there are some who...* * *
1.
certaine sɛʀtɛ̃, ɛn adjectif1) ( convaincu)certain de — certain ou sure of
es-tu certain d'avoir fermé le gaz? — are your certain ou sure that you turned off the gas?
2) ( indiscutable) certain, surec'est sûr et certain — (colloq) it's absolutely certain
ils vont gagner, c'est certain! — they're bound to win!
il est certain qu'il n'aurait jamais pu faire ce qu'il a fait sans sa femme — he certainly couldn't have done what he did if it hadn't been for his wife
une influence certaine — an undeniable ou a definite influence
3) ( fixé) [date, prix] definite
2.
adjectif indéfini (before n)1) ( mal défini)elle restera un certain temps — she'll stay for some time ou for a while
dans une certaine mesure — to a certain ou to some extent
un certain M. Grovagnard — a (certain) Mr Grovagnard
3) ( intensif) someil faut un certain culot — (colloq) it takes some nerve (colloq)
3.
à certains moments — sometimes, at times
4.
* * *sɛʀtɛ̃, ɛn certain, -e1. adj1) (= incontestable) certain, (avantage) definiteCe n'est pas certain. — It's not certain.
Nous allons vers une faillite certaine. — We're heading for certain bankruptcy.
L'Italie possède un avantage certain: ses attaquants. — Italy has one definite advantage: its strikers.
2) (= convaincu) certainêtre certain de — to be certain of, to be sure of
être certain que — to be certain that, to be sure that
Je suis certain que je l'ai remis en place. — I'm certain that I put it back., I'm sure that I put it back.
3) (avant le nom: au singulier) (= pas clairement déterminé) certaindans une certaine mesure — to a certain extent, to some extent
un certain temps — quite some time, some time
J'ai mis un certain temps à comprendre ce qu'elle disait. — It took me quite some time to understand what she was saying., It took me some time to understand what she was saying.
Il règne une certaine confusion. — There is some confusion.
4) (avant le nom: au pluriel)Certaines personnes n'aiment pas la crème. — Some people don't like cream.
Certaines fois, il n'y avait personne. — Sometimes there was nobody there.
2. certains pron* * *A adj1 ( convaincu) certain de certain ou sure of; être certain de qch to be certain ou sure of sth; je suis certain qu'elle est coupable I'm certain ou sure that she's guilty; est-ce que tu es certain d'avoir fermé le gaz? are your certain ou sure that you turned off the gas?; nous ne sommes pas certains qu'elle en a or qu'elle en ait envie we're not certain ou sure that she feels like it;2 ( indiscutable) certain, sure; tenir qch pour certain to be certain of sth; il est certain qu'elle acceptera it's certain that she'll accept, she's certain to accept; il n'est pas certain qu'il puisse venir it's not certain ou definite that he'll be able to come; ce n'est pas là chose certaine it's not certain ou definite; c'est sûr et certain○ it's absolutely certain; ils vont gagner, c'est certain! they're bound to win!, they're sure to win!; il est certain qu'il n'aurait jamais pu faire ce qu'il a fait sans sa femme he certainly couldn't have done what he did if it hadn't been for his wife; ils vont à une mort certaine they're heading for certain death; il a sur ses élèves une influence certaine he has an undeniable ou a definite influence on his pupils; un homme d'un âge certain a man of advanced years;B adj indéf (before n)1 ( mal défini) elle restera à la maison un certain temps she'll stay at home for some time ou for a while; il y a encore dans le texte un certain nombre d'erreurs there are still a (certain) number of mistakes in the text; il représente une certaine image de la France he represents a certain image of France; se faire une certaine idée de la vie to have a certain conception of life; j'ai malgré tout une certaine admiration pour lui in spite of everything I've got a certain admiration for him; dans une certaine mesure to a certain ou to some extent; d'une certaine manière in a way; jusqu'à un certain point up to a (certain) point; il est venu un certain soir que j'étais sorti he came one evening when I was out;2 ( devant un nom de personne) un certain M. Grovagnard a (certain) Mr Grovagnard;3 ( intensif) some; il m'a fallu un certain temps pour comprendre it took me a while ou some time to understand; ça demande un certain entraînement/une certaine adresse it requires some practice/some skill; il faut un certain culot○ pour… it takes some nerve○ to…; un homme d'un certain âge a man who's no longer young; il avait déjà un certain âge lorsqu'il a établi ce record he was already getting on in years when he set this record.I( féminin certaine) [sɛrtɛ̃, sɛrtɛn, devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet sɛrtɛn] déterminant (adjectif indéfini)1. [exprimant l'indétermination]d'une certaine façon ou manière in a waydans ou en un certain sens in a sense2. [exprimant une quantité non négligeable]il a fait preuve d'une certaine intelligence he has shown a certain amount of ou some intelligence3. [devant un nom de personne]les dialogues sont l'œuvre d'un certain... the dialogue is by someone called... ou by one...————————certaines fois sometimes, on some occasionscertains jours sometimes, on some daysje connais certaines personnes qui n'auraient pas hésité I can think of some ou a few people who wouldn't have thought twice about it————————[personnes] some (people)[choses] some[d'un groupe] some (of them)II( féminin certaine) [sɛrtɛ̃, sɛrtɛn] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [sɛrtɛn]) adjectif1. [incontestable - amélioration] definite ; [ - preuve] definite, positive ; [ - avantage, rapport] definite, clear ; [ - décision, invitation, prix] definiteavec un enthousiasme certain with real ou obvious enthusiasmle projet a beaucoup de retard — c'est certain, mais... the project is a long way behind schedule — that's certainly true but...j'aurais préféré attendre, c'est certain I'd have preferred to wait, of course2. [inéluctable - échec, victoire] certain3. [persuadé]si tu pars battu, tu es certain de perdre! if you think you're going to lose, (then) you're bound ou sure ou certain to lose!si j'étais certain qu'il vienne if I knew (for sure) ou if I was certain that he was comingcertain nom masculinBOURSE fixed ou direct rate of exchange -
9 Semantics
There are people who maintain that there is no distinction between syntax and semantics, and there are others who lump the entire inference and "thought" component of an AI system under the label "semantics." Moreover, the philosophers, linguists, and programming language theorists have notions of semantics which are distinct from each other and from many of the notions of computational linguists and psychologists....First, let me set up two caricatures which I will call the Linguist and the Philosopher, without thereby asserting that all linguists fall into the first category or philosophers in the second. Both, however, represent strong traditions in their respective fields. The Linguist has the following view of semantics in linguistics: He is interested in characterizing the fact that the same sentence can sometimes mean different things, and some sentences mean nothing at all. He would like to find some notation in which to express the different things which a sentence can mean and some procedure for determining whether a sentence is "anomalous" (i.e., has no meanings). The Philosopher on the other hand is concerned with specifying the meaning of a formal notation rather than a natural language.... His notation is already unambiguous. What he is concerned with is determining when an expression in the notation is a "true" preposition (in some appropriate formal sense of truth) and when it is false.... Meaning for the Philosopher is not defined in terms of some other notation in which to represent different possible interpretations of a sentence, but he is interested in the conditions for truth of an already formal representation. (Woods, 1975, pp. 40-41)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Semantics
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10 principio
m.1 beginning, start (comienzo).el principio del fin the beginning of the enddel principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finisha principios de at the beginning ofal principio at first, in the beginningen principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursdayen un principio at first2 principle (fundamento, ley).en principio in principlepor principio on principle3 origin, source (origen).4 element (elemento).principio activo active ingredientpres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: principiar.* * *1 (inicio) beginning, start2 (base) principle3 (moral) principle1 rudiments\al principio at first, at the beginningen principio in principle* * *noun m.1) beginning, outset2) principle* * *SM1) (=comienzo) beginningal principio — at first, in the beginning
a principios del verano — at the beginning of the summer, early in the summer
desde el principio — from the first, from the outset
desde el principio hasta el fin — from start to finish, from beginning to end
en un principio — at first, to start with
tener principio en algo — to start from sth, be based on sth
2) pl principios (=nociones) rudiments, first notions"Principios de física" — "Introduction to Physics", "Outline of Physics"
3) (=norma) principleel principio de la legalidad — the force of law, the rule of law
4) (Fil) principle5) (Quím) element, constituent6) (Culin) entrée* * *1) ( comienzo) beginningel principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer
en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning
2)a) (concepto, postulado) principleb) ( norma moral) principle* * *1) ( comienzo) beginningel principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer
en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning
2)a) (concepto, postulado) principleb) ( norma moral) principle* * *el principio= early days, theEx: The new chemical was expensive, and in the early days it was often mishandled; much of the foxing of early nineteenth-century paper was due to inefficient bleaching.
principio11 = principle, proposition, tenet, canon, touchstone.Ex: Objective 2 results in what could be described as a collocative catalogue, because a catalogue based on this principle collocates the writings of a particular author.
Ex: They are a core, a set of basic propositions, onto which are grafted a rich variety of other possibilities.Ex: This attack summarises her main tenets.Ex: The archetypal canon is of course that of the books of the Bible, which are gathered together in a fixed and unchanging order.Ex: The touchstone for professional practice are the professional codes of ethics that govern medicine in face-to-face relationships with patients.* actuar de acuerdo con los principios de Uno = act on + Posesivo + principles.* adherirse a principios = espouse + principles.* basado en principios = principled.* basarse en un principio = base on + principle.* con principios = principled.* cumplir con un principio = comport with + principle.* declaración de principios = statement of principles, value statement, Bill of Rights, declaration of principles, statement of principles.* defender los principios de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + principles.* de principios = principled.* de principios muy elevados = high-minded.* en principio = in principle, on principle.* establecer un principio = establish + principle, set forth + cause.* formular un principio = formulate + principle.* infringir un principio = violate + principle.* ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.* Los Principios de París = Paris Principles.* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.* poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.* por principio = on principle.* por principios = as a matter of principle.* principio constitutivo = constitutive principle.* principio de actuación = governing principle.* principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.* principio de cualificación profesional adecuada para el trabajo en cuestión = principle of rate for the job.* principio de gratuidad, el = gratis principle, the.* principio de igualdad, el = egalitarian principle, the.* principio de la alfabetización literal = file-as-is principle, file-as-is principle.* principio del escalonamiento = scalar principle.* principio ético = moral principle.* principio fundamental = fundamental, principium [principia, -pl.].* principio moral = moral principle.* principio orientador = guiding principle.* principios = philosophy, ethos, morals.* principios elevados = high-mindedness.* Principios para la Intercalación Bibliográfica = ISO7154.* proponer como principio = posit.* respetar los principios = observe + principles.* seguir un principio = adopt + convention.* sin principios = unscrupulous, unprincipled.* suscribir un principio = subscribe to + principle.* traicionar los principios de uno mismo = betray + Posesivo + own principles.* una cuestión de principios = a matter of principle.* violar un principio = violate + principle.principio22 = start, eruption, kick-off, startup [start-up], beginning.Ex: Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.
Ex: Information on the news items relevant to 'mad cow disease' was collected for a period of 100 days starting very close to the eruption of the crisis.Ex: The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.Ex: This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.* abocado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed to + failure, doomed to + failure from its inception, doomed from + the beginning.* al principio = at first, at the outset, early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], in the early years, originally, to start with, early on, at startup.* al principio de = at the beginning (of), at the dawn of, at the onset of, early in.* al principio de la imprenta = early printing.* al principio y al final = both ends.* al principio y al final de = at each end of.* a principios de = in the early + Fecha.* a principios de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.* a principios de los + Década = early + Década, the.* comenzar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.* comenzar por el principio, empezar desde cero, comen = start from + scratch.* condenado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the beginning.* de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.* de principio a fin = from start to finish, gavel to gavel, from beginning to end.* de principio a fin (documento) = cover to cover.* desde el principio = from the start, all along, ab initio, from the outset, from the beginning, from the word go, from the word get-go.* desde el principio de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.* desde principio a fin = throughout.* desde principios de siglo = since the turn of the century, from the turn of the century.* el principio de = the dawn of.* el principio del fin = the beginning of the end.* el principio de + Mes/Estación = early + Mes/Estación.* empezar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.* en principio = at first, conceivably, first of all, prima facie.* en un principio = at an earlier stage, initially, originally, at one time, to begin with.* fracaso desde el principio = doomed failure.* hay que empezar por el principio = first things must come first.* leer de principio a fin = read + from cover to cover.* muy al principio = in very early days, at the very outset.* para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.* principio, el = early days, the.* regresar al principio = go back to + square one, be back to square one.* volvemos siempre al principio = things swing full circle.* volver al principio = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle.* * *A (comienzo) beginningel principio del verano early summer, the beginning of summerempieza por el principio start at the beginningel principio del fin the beginning of the endel éxito logrado con su primer libro es un buen principio the success she's had with her first book is a good start, the success of her first book has got her off to a good startse llegó a un principio de acuerdo en las negociaciones they reached the beginnings of an agreement in the negotiationscongeniamos desde el principio we got along well from the startleyó el libro desde el principio hasta el final sin parar he read the book from cover to cover o from beginning to end o from start to finish without putting it downa principios de temporada at the beginning of the seasona principios de siglo at the turn of the centuryal principio at firsten un principio se creyó que la Tierra era plana at first o in the beginning people believed the Earth was flatB1 (concepto, postulado) principlees un principio universalmente aceptado it's a universally accepted conceptla teoría parte de un principio erróneo the theory is based on a false premiseen principio la reunión es el jueves the meeting's on Thursday unless you hear otherwise o provisionally, the meeting is set for Thursdayen principio estoy de acuerdo, pero no depende sólo de mí I agree in principle, but it isn't only up to me2 (norma moral) principlees una cuestión de principios it's a question of principle(s)es una persona de principios she's a person of principle o a principled personpor principio on principleCompuestos:uncertainty principleuncertainty principle● principio de placer/realidadpleasure/reality principle* * *
Del verbo principiar: ( conjugate principiar)
principio es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
principió es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
principiar
principio
principio sustantivo masculino
1 ( comienzo) beginning;
empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
eso es un buen principio that's a good start;
en un or al principio at first, in the beginning
2 (postulado, norma moral) principle;
por principio on principle
principio sustantivo masculino
1 (comienzo) beginning, start: nos hemos perdido el principio de la película, we've missed the beginning of the film
2 (causa, origen) premise, origin
3 (idea fundamental, norma) principle 4 principios, (nociones) rudiments, basics: posee algunos principios de mecánica, she has some rudiments of mechanics
♦ Locuciones: al principio, at first
en principio, in principle
por principio, on principle
' principio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- cien
- empezar
- extrema
- extremo
- frustrarse
- germen
- horterada
- indirecta
- vista
- criterio
- elemental
- por
English:
at
- basically
- begin
- beginning
- cornerstone
- early
- farce
- first
- front
- further
- go
- hear of
- initially
- initiation
- listen
- maybe
- originally
- outset
- policy
- principle
- see
- soon
- start
- stick to
- tenet
- wind back
- from
- out
- right
- throughout
- turn
* * *principio nm1. [comienzo] beginning, start;empieza por el principio start at the beginning;al principio at first, in the beginning;desde el principio from the beginning;se ha llegado a un principio de acuerdo a preliminary agreement has been reached;a principios de at the beginning of;en un principio at first;el principio del fin the beginning of the end;del principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finish2. [fundamento, ley] principleprincipio de Arquímedes Archimedes' principle; Filosofía principio de causalidad causality principle;principio de incertidumbre uncertainty principle;principio de indeterminación uncertainty principle;principio del todo o nada all-or-nothing policy3. [origen] origin, source4. [elemento] elementprincipio activo active ingredient5.principios [reglas de conducta] principles;un hombre de principios a man of principles;sin principios unprincipled, unscrupulous;por principio on principle;se negó a hacerlo por principios she refused to do it on principle6.principios [nociones] rudiments, first principles;tiene algunos principios de informática she knows a bit about computing7. [primera consideración]en principio: en principio, me parece buena la idea in principle, the idea seems good;en principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursday* * *men principio in principle;por principio on principle2 en tiempo beginning;a principios de abril at the beginning of April;al principio, en un principio at first;el principio del fin the beginning of the end* * *principio nm1) comienzo: beginning2) : principle3)al principio : at first4)a principios de : at the beginning ofa principios de agosto: at the beginning of August5)en principio : in principle* * *1. (comienzo) beginning2. (concepto) principlea principios de... at the beginning of... -
11 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
12 against
əˈɡenst предл.
1) значение нахождения на определенном месте, в определенной позиции а) прямо напротив, лицом к, перед чем-л. тж. over against In a direct line against them stood the three witches. ≈ Перед ними в ряд стояли три колдуньи. Go into the village over against you. ≈ Пойдите в селение, которое прямо перед вами (Мф. 21-
2) And so handed me to the coach and sat backwards over against me. ≈ И он подсадил меня в коляску, а сам сел напротив лицом ко мне. Syn: over against б) перен. к, в отношении к Hope is against the holy ghost. ≈ Надежда пребывает в духе святом. The legal rights of subjects as against each other and the constitutional rights of subjects against the government. ≈ Юридические права подданных по отношению друг к другу и конституционные права подданных по отношению к правительству. в) (более общее значение) к передней части чего-л., рядом, по соседству, тж. перен. I met him against the pond. ≈ Я встретил его у пруда. Three of their ships lay against the walls. ≈ Под стенами пришвартовались три их корабля.
2) значение движения по направлению к чему-л.. а) (по направлению к чему-л. вплоть до соприкосновения) о, в Till I break my ship against rocks. ≈ Пока мой корабль не разбивается о скалы. The sharp sleet is pattering against the window-panes. ≈ Злая пурга стучится в ставни. I was jostled against him in the crowd. ≈ Меня притерло к нему в толпе. run against б) (опираясь на, в контакте с) о, к Lean your back against my arm. ≈ Обопрись своей спиной о мою руку. Then shall he be set against a brickwall. ≈ А затем его прислонят к кирпичной стене. He pressed his hands against his forehead. ≈ Он прижал ладони ко лбу. в) на фоне (прямое значение) The picture stands out better against the dark wall. ≈ На фоне темной стены эта картина смотрится лучше.
3) значение движения или действия против кого-л. или чего-л. а) (в противоположном направлении, в противодействие некоей силе) на He ran furiously up against a hill. ≈ Как бешеный он взбежал на холм. against the hair against the grain б) (в противоположность тенденции или характеру;
в несоответствии с чем-л.) против, несмотря на( или по смыслу) She actually went with them, though much against her heart. ≈ Она все же пошла с ними, хотя и против собственного желания. May, against common conjectures, will be no very busy month. ≈ В мае, несмотря на то, что говорят многие, завала на работе не будет. It is against my general notions to trust to writing. ≈ Не в моих принципах доверять написанному. в) (о словах или действиях, направленных против кого-л.) с, против Fight against them that fight against me. ≈ Сражайтесь с теми, кто сражается против меня. The whole gentry were against him. ≈ Против него выступали все уважаемые люди. The Law against Witches does not prove there be any. ≈ Наличие закона против ведьм не означает, что они есть. г) (о соревновании) с I always felt as if I was riding a race against time. ≈ Я всегда чувствовал, что бегу наперегонки со временем.
4) а) (значение защиты) от (или по смыслу) I am proof against their enmity. ≈ Я защита от их вражды. The gate would have been shut against her. ≈ Ворота захлопнулись бы перед ней, ее бы не пустили на порог. б) значение предупреждения, обычно переводится по смыслу On his guard against the sins which beset literary men. ≈ И он всегда следил за тем, чтобы не погрязнуть в грехах, присущих писателям. Passengers are cautioned against crossing the line. ≈ Предупреждение пассажирам - переходить линию опасно. The Public are cautioned against pickpockets. ≈ Осторожно! Карманные воры.
5) (о взаимной противоположности) в обмен на, в счет за, вместо That against his great love we be not found unkind. ≈ Чтобы, имея перед глазами его всеохватную любовь, нас не назвали черствыми. When men used to exchange wheat against bullocks. ≈ Когда люди меняли зерно на волов. weigh smth. against smth.
6) (в споре и играх типа тотализатора, о ставках) к I long ago came to the conclusion that all life is six to five against. ≈ Я давно понял, что в этой жизни все ставки - шесть к пяти. As opposition to Mrs Thatcher mounts, I hear that the Commons' unofficial bookie offers odds of 7 4 against her still being prime minister by the end of next year. ≈ По мере того, как оппозиция г-жи Тэтчер растет, неофициальные букмекеры Палаты Общин, как я слышал, предлагают ставки 7 к 4 против того, что она сохранит свой пост до конца следующего года.
7) в ожидании, в подготовке;
к определенному времени To close the business against Thursday. ≈ Закрыть фирму к четвергу. Some additions to my book against the next edition. ≈ Некоторые добавления к моей книге в свете ее будущего переиздания. When the Queen of Sheba came to visit Solomon, he had built, against her arrival, a palace. ≈ Когда царица Савская отправилась с визитом к Соломону, он построил к ее прибытию дворец. against a rainy dayуказывает на: противодействие чему-л или несогласие с чем-л: против - to fight * smb., smth. бороться против кого-л, чего-л;
- to warn * smth. предостерегать против чего-л;
- to vote * smb., smth. голосовать против кого-л, чего-л;
- twenty votes * ten двадцать голосов против десяти;
- are you for or * the plan? вы поддерживаете этот план или нет?;
- I have nothing to say * it мне нечего возразить против этого вопреки - I have trusted you * everything я верила вам несмотря ни на что;
- * reason вопреки разуму;
- to hope * hope надеяться вопреки всему;
не терять надежды в безнадежном положении движение в противоположную сторону: против - to sail * the wind плыть против ветра;
- * the clock против часовой стрелки;
- * the sun в сторону, противоположную движению солнца, с запада на восток;
- * the hair (техническое) против волокна;
против шерсти;
не по вкусу, не по душе нахождение на противоположной стороне: против - over * напротив, на противоположной стороне;
- over * the school прямо против школы местоположение около чего-л, рядом с чем-л.: у - a piano stood * the wall у стены стояло пианони;
- the house was built * a hill дом был построен у самого холма соприкоснование или столкновение с чем-л.: по, о, к - the rain was beating * the window дождь барабанил по стеклу;
- to throw a ball * the wall ударять мячом о стенку;
- to bump * smth. удариться обо что-л;
- he struck his foot * а stone он ушиб ногу о камень опору: к, на - he leaned * a post он прислонился к столбу;
- she was sitting up in bed propped * pillows она сидела в кровати, обложенная подушками;
- she drew the child close * her она крепко прижала к себе ребенка фон, на котором выделяется какой-л предмет: на (фоне) ;
по сравнению - the yellow stands out * the black желтое резко выделяется на черном;
- the trees were dark * the sky на фоне неба деревья казались темными предохранение от чего-л.: от - to protect * diseases предохранять от заболеваний;
- she shielded her face * the sun она заслонила лицо от солнца;
- he wrapped in a blanked * the cold of the night он завернулся в одеяло, чтобы ночью не замерзнуть подготовку к чему-л.: про, на - to save money * the rainy day откладывать деньги про черный день;
- they bought preserves * the winter они купили консервы на зиму состязание, конкуренцию, соперничество с чем-л или с кем-л - to run * one's own record time пытаться улучшить собственное время( о бегуне) противопоставление или сравнение: против - three accidents this year as * thirty in 1964 три несчастных случая в этом году против тридцати в 1964 получение в обмен на что-л или с записью на чей-л счет: на, по, против - to charge * smb.'s account( коммерческое) записывать на чей-л счет;
- payment * documents( коммерческое) оплата против документов;
- a drug sold * a written prescription лекарство, продаваемое только по рецепту предмет обмена: на - he exchanged books * sweets он обменял книги на конфеты завершение действия к определенному сроку: к - * the end of the week к концу недели( специальное) в зависимости от, в функции (от) - to plot y * x построить график функции у по аргументу хagainst вопреки ~ prep указывает на подготовку (к чему-л.) на, про;
against a rainy day про черный день;
to store up food against winter запастись едой на зиму ~ prep указывает на непосредственное соседство рядом, у;
the house against the cinema дом рядом с кинотеатром ~ prep указывает на опору, фон, препятствие о, об, по, на, к;
against a dark background на темном фоне;
she leaned against the fence она прислонилась к забору ~ prep указывает на определенный срок к, на;
against the end of the month к концу месяца ~ под (расписку) ~ prep указывает на противодействие, несогласие (с чем-л.) против;
she did it against my will она сделала это против моей воли;
to struggle against difficulties бороться с трудностями ~ против ~ prep указывает на противоположное направление или положение против;
he went against the wind он шел против ветра;
against the hair (или the grain) против волокна или шерсти;
перен. против шерсти ~ prep указывает на столкновение или соприкосновение на, с;
to run against a rock наскочить на скалу;
he ran against his brother он столкнулся со своим братом gainst: gainst, 'gainst поэт. см. against~ prep указывает на опору, фон, препятствие о, об, по, на, к;
against a dark background на темном фоне;
she leaned against the fence она прислонилась к забору~ prep указывает на подготовку (к чему-л.) на, про;
against a rainy day про черный день;
to store up food against winter запастись едой на зиму~ prep указывает на определенный срок к, на;
against the end of the month к концу месяца~ prep указывает на противоположное направление или положение против;
he went against the wind он шел против ветра;
against the hair (или the grain) против волокна или шерсти;
перен. против шерстиbe ~ возражатьthey took insurance policy ~ their children's education они застраховались, чтобы обеспечить своим детям образование;
to be up against (it) стоять перед задачей;
встретить трудности~ prep указывает на столкновение или соприкосновение на, с;
to run against a rock наскочить на скалу;
he ran against his brother он столкнулся со своим братом~ prep указывает на противоположное направление или положение против;
he went against the wind он шел против ветра;
against the hair (или the grain) против волокна или шерсти;
перен. против шерсти~ prep указывает на непосредственное соседство рядом, у;
the house against the cinema дом рядом с кинотеатромa ladder standing ~ the wall лестница, прислоненная к стене;
to knock against a stone споткнуться о каменьa ladder standing ~ the wall лестница, прислоненная к стене;
to knock against a stone споткнуться о каменьlay information ~ доносить наrecover judgment ~ добиваться вынесения судебного решения против~ prep указывает на столкновение или соприкосновение на, с;
to run against a rock наскочить на скалу;
he ran against his brother он столкнулся со своим братом~ prep указывает на противодействие, несогласие (с чем-л.) против;
she did it against my will она сделала это против моей воли;
to struggle against difficulties бороться с трудностями~ prep указывает на опору, фон, препятствие о, об, по, на, к;
against a dark background на темном фоне;
she leaned against the fence она прислонилась к забору~ prep указывает на подготовку (к чему-л.) на, про;
against a rainy day про черный день;
to store up food against winter запастись едой на зиму~ prep указывает на противодействие, несогласие (с чем-л.) против;
she did it against my will она сделала это против моей воли;
to struggle against difficulties бороться с трудностями struggle: ~ бороться;
to struggle for peace бороться за мир;
to struggle against difficulties бороться с трудностямиto work ~ time стараться кончить работу к определенному времени;
to tell a story( against smb.) наговорить( на кого-л.)they took insurance policy ~ their children's education они застраховались, чтобы обеспечить своим детям образование;
to be up against (it) стоять перед задачей;
встретить трудностиvote ~ голосовать противto work ~ time стараться кончить работу к определенному времени;
to tell a story (against smb.) наговорить (на кого-л.) time: to serve one's ~ отбыть срок наказания;
she is near her time она скоро родит, она на сносях;
to work against time стараться уложиться в срок work: to ~ against time стараться кончить к определенному сроку;
to work it sl. достигнуть цели -
13 Vorstellung
f2. THEAT. performance, show; Film: show(ing); die letzte Vorstellung Kino: the last showing; eine starke / schwache Vorstellung geben bes. SPORT give a strong / weak performance; nur eine kurze Vorstellung geben umg., fig. not stay long3. (Begriff) idea; (Bild) auch image; falsche Vorstellung wrong idea, misconception; sich (Dat) eine ( klare) Vorstellung machen von form a (clear) picture of, get an ( oder a proper) idea of; ist das deine Vorstellung von...? is that your idea of...?; ( nicht) jemandes Vorstellungen entsprechen (not) be exactly what s.o. has in mind; haben Sie Vorstellungen bezüglich des Gehalts etc.? do you have anything in mind in terms of salary etc.?; in meiner Vorstellung the way I imagine ( oder see) it; du hast manchmal komische Vorstellungen you ('do) have some strange ideas; du machst dir keine Vorstellung! you’ve no idea; das geht über alle Vorstellung the mind boggles* * *die Vorstellung(Aufführung) performance;(Bekanntmachung) introduction;(Gedanke) notion; concept; idea* * *Vor|stel|lungfin meiner Vórstellung sah das größer aus — I imagined it bigger
in meiner Vórstellung ist Gott kein alter Mann — I don't picture God as an old man
du hast falsche Vórstellungen — you are wrong (in your ideas)
es übertrifft alle Vórstellungen — it's incredible or unbelievable
das entspricht ganz meiner Vórstellung — that is just how I imagined or saw it
eine Vórstellung von etw machen — to form an idea or (Bild) picture of sth
du machst dir keine Vórstellung, wie schwierig das ist — you have no idea how difficult that is
2) (THEAT ETC) performance; (FILM) showing, performance3) (= das Bekanntmachen) (zwischen Leuten) introduction; (bei Hofe) presentation (bei at); (= Vorführung von Geräten, neuem Artikel etc) presentation; (bei Bewerbung, Antrittsbesuch) interview (bei with)4) (= Einwand) objection, protest* * *die1) (an idea grasped or understood: We can have no conception of the size of the universe.) conception2) (something imagined: He had a sudden fancy that he could see Spring approaching.) fancy3) (mental picture: This will give you an idea of what I mean.) idea4) (mental picture: I have an image of the place in my mind.) image5) ((the part of the mind which has) the ability to form mental pictures: I can see it all in my imagination.) imagination6) (an act of introducing one person to another: The hostess made the introductions and everyone shook hands.) introduction7) (an uncertain belief; an idea: He has some very odd notions.) notion8) (something done on stage etc: The company gave a performance of `Othello'; His last three performances have not been very good.) performance9) (a performance, or set of repeated performances, of a play, opera etc: This is the best presentation of `Macbeth' that I've ever seen.) presentation* * *Vor·stel·lungf1. (gedankliches Bild) ideabestimmte Gerüche können beim Menschen immer die gleichen \Vorstellungen auslösen certain smells [can] always trigger the same thoughts in peoplein jds \Vorstellung in sb's mindgewiss ist sie jetzt älter, aber in meiner \Vorstellung bewahre ich ihr Bild als junge, hübsche Frau she may be older now, but in my mind's eye I still see her as a pretty young womanjds \Vorstellungen entsprechen to meet sb's requirementsdieser Pullover entspricht genau meinen \Vorstellungen this jumper is just what I'm looking fordas Gehalt entspricht nicht ganz meinen \Vorstellungen the salary doesn't quite match [up to] my expectationsdas Produkt wurde genau nach unseren \Vorstellungen entwickelt the product was designed to match our requirements [or specifications] exactlyfalsche \Vorstellungen haben to have false hopesunrealistische \Vorstellungen haben to have unrealistic expectationsalle \Vorstellungen übertreffen to be almost inconceivable [to the human mind] [or beyond the [powers of] imagination of the human mind]Traumstrände hatten wir erwartet, aber die Realität übertraf alle \Vorstellungen we expected [to find] beautiful beaches, but the reality exceeded all our expectations [or was beyond [all] our wildest dreams4. (Vorstellungsgespräch) interview* * *1) (Begriff) ideaer macht sich (Dat.) keine Vorstellung [davon], welche Mühe das kostet — he has no idea how much effort that costs
das entspricht ganz/nicht meinen Vorstellungen — that is exactly/not what I had in mind
2) o. Pl. (Fantasie) imagination3) (Aufführung) performance; (im Kino) showingeine schwache Vorstellung geben — (fig.) perform badly
4) (das Bekanntmachen) introduction5) (Präsentation) presentation6) (bei Bewerbung) interview* * *bei with)2. THEAT performance, show; FILM show(ing);die letzte Vorstellung Kino: the last showing;nur eine kurze Vorstellung geben umg, fig not stay longfalsche Vorstellung wrong idea, misconception;sich (dat)eine (klare) Vorstellung machen von form a (clear) picture of, get an ( oder a proper) idea of;ist das deine Vorstellung von …? is that your idea of …?;(nicht) jemandes Vorstellungen entsprechen (not) be exactly what sb has in mind;haben Sie Vorstellungen bezüglich des Gehalts etc? do you have anything in mind in terms of salary etc?;in meiner Vorstellung the way I imagine ( oder see) it;du hast manchmal komische Vorstellungen you ('do) have some strange ideas;du machst dir keine Vorstellung! you’ve no idea;das geht über alle Vorstellung the mind boggles4.jemandem Vorstellungen machen remonstrate with sb (wegen about)* * *1) (Begriff) ideaer macht sich (Dat.) keine Vorstellung [davon], welche Mühe das kostet — he has no idea how much effort that costs
das entspricht ganz/nicht meinen Vorstellungen — that is exactly/not what I had in mind
2) o. Pl. (Fantasie) imagination3) (Aufführung) performance; (im Kino) showingeine schwache Vorstellung geben — (fig.) perform badly
4) (das Bekanntmachen) introduction5) (Präsentation) presentation6) (bei Bewerbung) interview* * *f.association n.conceivability n.conception n.idea n.imagination n.perception n.performance (theatre) n.show (cinema) n. -
14 vorstellung
f2. THEAT. performance, show; Film: show(ing); die letzte Vorstellung Kino: the last showing; eine starke / schwache Vorstellung geben bes. SPORT give a strong / weak performance; nur eine kurze Vorstellung geben umg., fig. not stay long3. (Begriff) idea; (Bild) auch image; falsche Vorstellung wrong idea, misconception; sich (Dat) eine ( klare) Vorstellung machen von form a (clear) picture of, get an ( oder a proper) idea of; ist das deine Vorstellung von...? is that your idea of...?; ( nicht) jemandes Vorstellungen entsprechen (not) be exactly what s.o. has in mind; haben Sie Vorstellungen bezüglich des Gehalts etc.? do you have anything in mind in terms of salary etc.?; in meiner Vorstellung the way I imagine ( oder see) it; du hast manchmal komische Vorstellungen you ('do) have some strange ideas; du machst dir keine Vorstellung! you’ve no idea; das geht über alle Vorstellung the mind boggles* * *die Vorstellung(Aufführung) performance;(Bekanntmachung) introduction;(Gedanke) notion; concept; idea* * *Vor|stel|lungfin meiner Vórstellung sah das größer aus — I imagined it bigger
in meiner Vórstellung ist Gott kein alter Mann — I don't picture God as an old man
du hast falsche Vórstellungen — you are wrong (in your ideas)
es übertrifft alle Vórstellungen — it's incredible or unbelievable
das entspricht ganz meiner Vórstellung — that is just how I imagined or saw it
eine Vórstellung von etw machen — to form an idea or (Bild) picture of sth
du machst dir keine Vórstellung, wie schwierig das ist — you have no idea how difficult that is
2) (THEAT ETC) performance; (FILM) showing, performance3) (= das Bekanntmachen) (zwischen Leuten) introduction; (bei Hofe) presentation (bei at); (= Vorführung von Geräten, neuem Artikel etc) presentation; (bei Bewerbung, Antrittsbesuch) interview (bei with)4) (= Einwand) objection, protest* * *die1) (an idea grasped or understood: We can have no conception of the size of the universe.) conception2) (something imagined: He had a sudden fancy that he could see Spring approaching.) fancy3) (mental picture: This will give you an idea of what I mean.) idea4) (mental picture: I have an image of the place in my mind.) image5) ((the part of the mind which has) the ability to form mental pictures: I can see it all in my imagination.) imagination6) (an act of introducing one person to another: The hostess made the introductions and everyone shook hands.) introduction7) (an uncertain belief; an idea: He has some very odd notions.) notion8) (something done on stage etc: The company gave a performance of `Othello'; His last three performances have not been very good.) performance9) (a performance, or set of repeated performances, of a play, opera etc: This is the best presentation of `Macbeth' that I've ever seen.) presentation* * *Vor·stel·lungf1. (gedankliches Bild) ideabestimmte Gerüche können beim Menschen immer die gleichen \Vorstellungen auslösen certain smells [can] always trigger the same thoughts in peoplein jds \Vorstellung in sb's mindgewiss ist sie jetzt älter, aber in meiner \Vorstellung bewahre ich ihr Bild als junge, hübsche Frau she may be older now, but in my mind's eye I still see her as a pretty young womanjds \Vorstellungen entsprechen to meet sb's requirementsdieser Pullover entspricht genau meinen \Vorstellungen this jumper is just what I'm looking fordas Gehalt entspricht nicht ganz meinen \Vorstellungen the salary doesn't quite match [up to] my expectationsdas Produkt wurde genau nach unseren \Vorstellungen entwickelt the product was designed to match our requirements [or specifications] exactlyfalsche \Vorstellungen haben to have false hopesunrealistische \Vorstellungen haben to have unrealistic expectationsalle \Vorstellungen übertreffen to be almost inconceivable [to the human mind] [or beyond the [powers of] imagination of the human mind]Traumstrände hatten wir erwartet, aber die Realität übertraf alle \Vorstellungen we expected [to find] beautiful beaches, but the reality exceeded all our expectations [or was beyond [all] our wildest dreams4. (Vorstellungsgespräch) interview* * *1) (Begriff) ideaer macht sich (Dat.) keine Vorstellung [davon], welche Mühe das kostet — he has no idea how much effort that costs
das entspricht ganz/nicht meinen Vorstellungen — that is exactly/not what I had in mind
2) o. Pl. (Fantasie) imagination3) (Aufführung) performance; (im Kino) showingeine schwache Vorstellung geben — (fig.) perform badly
4) (das Bekanntmachen) introduction5) (Präsentation) presentation6) (bei Bewerbung) interview* * *…vorstellung f im subst1. THEAT etc:Kindervorstellung childrens’ show;Wohltätigkeitsvorstellung charity performance2. (Idee, Wunsch):Gehaltsvorstellung desired salary;Preisvorstellung desired price;Glücksvorstellung idea of happiness* * *1) (Begriff) ideaer macht sich (Dat.) keine Vorstellung [davon], welche Mühe das kostet — he has no idea how much effort that costs
das entspricht ganz/nicht meinen Vorstellungen — that is exactly/not what I had in mind
2) o. Pl. (Fantasie) imagination3) (Aufführung) performance; (im Kino) showingeine schwache Vorstellung geben — (fig.) perform badly
4) (das Bekanntmachen) introduction5) (Präsentation) presentation6) (bei Bewerbung) interview* * *f.association n.conceivability n.conception n.idea n.imagination n.perception n.performance (theatre) n.show (cinema) n. -
15 utar|ty
Ⅰ pp ⇒ utrzeć Ⅱ adj. common- utarta opinia o korupcji wśród polityków a widely-held a. common opinion about corruption in politics- utarte pojęcia/wyobrażenia widely-held a. common notions/ideas- używał utartych zwrotów he was using set phrases- zejść z utartego szlaku to go off a. leave the beaten track także przen.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > utar|ty
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16 Commemorations, Portuguese historic
As in so many other activities of Portugal and its people, in historic commemorative work, the past always seems present. For more than a century, Portugal has planned and sponsored a variety of historic commemorations related to the glorious Age of Discoveries era of historic Portugal. The Columban centenary commemorations, involving Spain and Italy in particular, have gained greater world attention, Portugal, nevertheless, has a history of her own commemorations.Whatever the political ideology of the governmental system involved, Portugal's historic commemorations have been continuous and well-planned, and have sought to stir national pride as well as regime loyalty. Portugal's official efforts in public commemoration date at least back to 1880, when the Portuguese celebrated the 300th anniversary of the death of the national epic poet, Luís de Camões. Others followed that sought to arouse national remembrance and encourage notions of national revival, by focusing either on biographical or national discovery dates. The next major commemoration was in 1894, when Portugal commemorated the 500th anniversary of the birth in 1394 of Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator) and, in 1897-99, the 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India.The 20th century has seen the most elaborate and publicized historic commemorations for Portugal. Besides its extensive propaganda program beginning in the 1930s, the Estado Novo put considerable effort into extensive historic commemorations, with the purpose of encouraging national pride and international respect, as well as regime loyalty. At least three national commemorations are worthy of note here, although scores of other events were held on a smaller scale. From June to December 1940, Portugal held the grand Double Centenary celebrations, which celebrated Portugal's emergence as an independent monarchy and state in 1140 (800 years) and the restoration of independence from Spain in 1640 (300 years). More than five months of activities included expensive publications of books and tourist materials, exhibits, academic conferences, and an outstanding Lisbon "world's fair" known as the "Exposition of the Portuguese World," staged at Belém, in front of the Monastery of Jerónimos, and involving the unveiling for the first time of the new Monument of the Discoveries.Two other commemorations of the Estado Novo deserve mention: the 1947 celebration of the 800th anniversary of the Portuguese taking of Lisbon (1147) from Moorish forces and the 1960 commemoration activities marking the 500th anniversary of the death of the central figure of the Portuguese Discoveries, Prince Henry the Navigator. The latter set of events took place during a time of political sensitivity, when the government's African policy was under strong international pressures.Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, democratic Portugal has put substantial resources into commemorating various persons and events of the Age of Discoveries. In 1980, Portugal's scholars celebrated the 400th anniversary of the death of the national poet Camões in many books, articles, exhibits, and conferences. But this would all be overshadowed by the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Portuguese Discoveries, which would run from 1988 to 2000. This elaborate effort involved the establishment of a government agency, the National Committee for the Commemoration of the Portuguese Discoveries, headed by one of Portugal's most eminent scholars on the subject, Dr. Vasco Graça Moura. Commemoration began in 1988 with the celebration and reenactment of the 1488 voyage of navigator Bartolomeu Dias from Lisbon to beyond the Cape of Good Hope, in South Africa. The 12-year cycle, the longest Discoveries commemorations of any century and of any Western country, put the 1992 Columban Quincentenary events somewhat in the shade.Between May and October 1998, Portugal held Expo '98 in Lisbon, a world's fair that was keyed to the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of an all-water route to India in 1498. This cycle ended in 2000, marking the 500th anniversary of the year that Portugal's Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Commemorations, Portuguese historic
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17 φρονέω
Aφρονέῃσι Od.7.75
: [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.φρόνεον Il.17.286
,φρονέεσκον A.R.4.1164
: [tense] fut. (anap.), etc.: [tense] aor.ἐφρόνησα Hdt.1.60
, A.Eu. 115, etc.: [tense] pf.πεφρόνηκα Emp.103.1
, Isoc.5.124, D.S.18.66:—[voice] Pass., Arist.Xen. 980a9; imper. φρονείσθω v.l. for φρονεῖτε in Ep.Phil.2.5:—to be minded, either of reflection or of purpose: hence,I have understanding, be wise, prudent, rare in Hom., ἄριστοι.. μάχεσθαί τε φρονέειν τε best both in battle and counsel, Il. 6.79: but freq. in Trag. and [dialect] Att., [Ζῆνα] τὸν φρονεῖν βροτοὺς ὁδώσαντα A.Ag. 176
(lyr.);φρονούντως πρὸς φρονοῦντας ἐννέπεις Id.Supp. 204
, cf. 176; ;φρονεῖν οἶδεν μόνη Id.Tr. 313
; λίαν φ. to be over-wise, E.IA 924;φ. πλέον Pl.Hp.Mi. 371a
; understanding, prudence,S.
Ant. 1347 (anap.), 1353 (anap.);κράτιστοι φρονεῖν Antipho 2.1.1
;καὶ φ. καὶ συμπράττειν X.Cyr.5.5.44
;εἰδέναι καὶ φ. Pl.Alc.1.133c
;τὸ φ. καὶ τὸ νοεῖν Id.Phlb. 11b
;λέγειν τε καὶ φ. Id.Phdr. 266b
, cf. Isoc.4.50;τῷ φρονεῖν τε καὶ σωφρονεῖν Pl.Lg. 712a
; τὸ μὴ φρονοῦν, of an infant, A.Ch. 753;ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα ἤρχετο φ. Is.9.20
;ἡ φρονοῦσα ἡλικία Aeschin.1.139
: Com. of fish, full-grown,Ephipp.
21.3;ζῷον λογικὸν καὶ φρονοῦν Phld.Piet.15
: c. acc., φρονῆσαι τὰ κυριώτατα to be wise in respect of the most important matters, Id.Rh.2.35S.2 with Advbs., εὖ φρονεῖν think rightly,περί τινος Hdt.2.16
; to be sane (cf. infr. IV), E.Ba. 851, Ar.Nu. 817, Lys.19.41, etc.; ; , cf. El. 394, E.Or.99, al. (but εὖ φρ., also, to be well disposed, v. infr. 11.2); κακῶς, καλῶς φ., Od.18.168, S.OT 600, Ant. 557;ὀρθῶς φ. And.2.23
;ὀρθῶς φ. πρός τι A.Pr. 1000
; μῶρα, πλάγια φ., S.Aj. 594, E.IA 332 (troch.).3 think, Heraclit.113, Parm.16.3, Emp.108.2, cf. Arist.de.An.427a19; ὡς.., ὅτι .., S.Ant.49, OC 872;φρόνει νιν ὡς ἥξοντα Id.Tr. 289
; mean,ἄλλα φ. καὶ ἄλλα λέγειν Hdt. 9.54
;ἕτερα μὲν λέγων, ἕτερα δὲ φρονῶν Din.1.47
;ὁ μὴ λέγων ἃ φρονεῖ D.18.282
, cf.19.224.4 feel by experience, know full well,σοὶ μὲν δοκεῖν ταῦτ' ἔστ', ἐμοὶ δ' ἄγαν φρονεῖν S.Aj. 942
, cf. OC 1741 (lyr.); πειρώμενος ὅ τι φρονέοιεν [τὰ μαντήϊα] to test the knowledge of the oracles, Hdt.1.46.II to be fain that.., c. acc. et inf., Il.3.98: c. inf., to be minded to do, 9.608, 17.286; without inf., οἱ δ' ἰθὺς φρόνεον [ἰέναι] were minded to go right on ward, 13.135, cf. 12.124; ᾗπερ δὴ φρονέω [τελέσαι] 9.310; of set purpose,S.
OC 271: in Prose, mean, intend, τοῦτο φρονεῖ ἡμῶν ἡ.. ἀγωγή this is what your bringing us here means, Th.5.85.2 freq. with neut. Adj.,a φ. τινί τινα to have certain thoughts for or towards any one, to be so and so minded towards him, πατρὶ φίλα φρονέων kindly minded towards him, Il.4.219, cf. Od.6.313, etc.;κακὰ φρονέουσι.. ἀλλήλοισιν Il.22.264
;τῷ ὀλοὰ φρονέων 16.701
;μαλακὰ φ. ἐσλοῖς Pi.N.4.95
;πιστά τινι Id.O.3.17
;φρονοῦντας ἄριστα αὐτοῖς Ar.Pl. 577
(anap.): with Advbs., εὖ φρονεῖν τισι (cf. supr. 1.2) Od.7.74, cf. A.Ag. 1436, etc.; φρονεῖς εὖ τοῖς ἠγγελμένοις you rejoice at them, Id.Ch. 774; alsoεἰς ὑμᾶς εὖ φ. And.2.4
;τισὶ καλῶς φ. SIG527.38
(Crete, iii B. C.);τοιαῦτα περί τινος φ. Isoc.3.60
: to be minded so and so, think or purpose such and such things,ἀγαθὰ φ. Il.6.162
, Od.1.43; φίλα φ. ib. 307;κακά 17.596
;τὰ φρονέεις ἅ τ' ἐγώ περ Il.4.361
; κρυπτάδια φ. to have secret purposes, 1.542; ἀταλὰ φ. to be gaily disposed, 18.567, Hes.Th. 989; πυκινὰ φ. have wise thoughts, be cunningly minded, Od.9.445; ἐφημέρια φ. think only of the passing day, 21.85;θεοῖσιν ἶσα φ. Il.5.441
;θνητὰ φ. S.Fr. 590
(anap.), E.Alc. 799; ;οὐ κατ' ἄνθρωπον φ. A.Th. 425
, S.Aj. 777;ἐπὶ ταῖς εὐτυχίαις ὑπὲρ ἄνθρωπον φ. X.Cyr.8.7.3
;μηδὲν ὑπὲρ τὴν πήραν φ. Luc. Tim.57
: alsoκαίρια φ. S.El. 228
(lyr.);σώφρονα Id.Fr.64
;οὐ τὰ ἄριστα φ. Th.2.22
;ἡ πόλις χεῖρον φ. Isoc.8.126
; τυραννικὰ φ. to have tyranny in mind, Ar.V. 507 (troch.); ἀρχαιϊκὰ φ. to have old-fashioned notions, Id.Nu. 821; τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ, τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς φ., Ev.Matt.16.23, Ep.Rom.8.5; also οὐ παρδάλιος τόσσον μένος ὅσσον Πάνθου υἷες φρονέουσιν the panther's courage is not so great as is the spirit of the sons of Panthus, Il.17.23.b esp. freq. in the phrase μέγα φρονεῖν to be high-minded, have high thoughts, to be high-spirited, Il.11.296, 13.156; of lions and boars, 16.758, 11.325, cf. X.Cyr.7.5.62; , cf. Lys.2.48, Isoc.4.132; in [dialect] Att., freq. in bad sense, to be presumptuous, ἐφ' ἑαυτῷ, ἑαυτοῖς μέγα φ., Th.6.16, X.HG7.1.27 (alsoμεγάλα φ. Ar.Ach. 988
; φ. ἐφ' αὑτῷ τηλικοῦτον ἡλίκον εἰκός .. D.21.62): with [comp] Comp., μεῖζον φ. to have over-high thoughts, X.An.5.6.8 (but simply, pluck up courage,ἐπὶ τῷ γεγενημένῳ Id.HG3.5.21
);φ. μεῖζον ἢ κατ' ἄνδρα S.Ant. 768
;μεῖζον τοῦ δέοντος Isoc.7.7
, cf. 6.34: rarely in pl.,μείζω τῆς δίκης φ. E.Heracl. 933
; with [comp] Sup.,οἱ μέγιστον φρονοῦντες Pl.Phdr. 257e
;ἐφ' ἱππικῇ X.Ages.2.5
; alsoμάλιστα φ. ἐπί τινι D.28.2
;ἐπὶ τοῖς προγόνοις οὐ μεῖον φ. X.Eq.Mag.7.3
, cf. Ap.24; take pride in,ἐπὶ παιδεύσει μέγα φρονοῦντες Pl.Prt. 342d
;φ. ἐπὶ τῇ ὥρᾳ θαυμάσιον ὅσον Id.Smp. 217a
; alsoφ. εἰς ἡμᾶς μέγα E.Hipp.6
;περὶ τὸ γράφειν λόγους Aeschin.2.125
; μέγα φ. ὅτι .. X.Cyr.2.3.13;μέγα φ. ὡς εὖ ἐρῶν Pl.Smp. 198d
; μέγα φ. μὴ ὑπείξειν haughty in their resolution not to.., X.HG5.4.45: later φ. alone, = μέγα φ., φρονήσας ἐφ' αὑτῷ Paus. 1.12.5;διὰ τὸν πατέρα ἀξιώματι προέχοντα Id.4.1.2
: opp. σμικρὸν φ. to be poor-spirited, S.Aj. 1120;μικρὸν φ. Isoc.4.151
;μικρὸν καὶ ταπεινὸν φ. D.13.25
, etc.; ἧσσον, ἔλασσον φ. τινος, E.Andr. 313, Ph. 1128;φ. ἔλαττον ἢ πρότερον Isoc.12.47
, etc.;οὐ σμικρὸν φ. ἐς τὰς Ἀθήνας E.Heracl. 386
: alsoμετριώτερον πρὸς ἡμᾶς φ. X.Cyr.4.3.7
.c of those who agree in opinion, τά τινος φρονεῖν to be of another's mind, be on his side or of his party, Hdt.2.162, etc.;τὰ σὰ φ. Id.7.102
;εὖ φ. τὰ σά S.Aj. 491
; (troch.), cf. D.18.161; also ἶσον ἐμοὶ φρονέουσα thinking like me, Il.15.50, cf. S.Ant. 374 (lyr.); τὠυτὸ or κατὰ τὠυτὸ φ. to be like -minded, make common cuase, Hdt.1.60, 5.3;ἐμοὶ φ. ξυνῳδά Ar.Av. 635
(lyr.): opp. ἀμφὶς φ. think differently, Il.13.345; ἄλλῃ φ. think another way, h.Ap. 469.III comprehend,γιγνώσκω, φρονέω Od.16.136
, al.: more freq. c. acc., to be well aware of.., τὰ φρονέουσ' ἀνὰ θυμόν, ἃ .. 2.116; οὐκ ὄπιδα φρονέοντες ἐνὶ φρεσίν paying no heed to it, 14.82; φ. τὴν ἡμέραν pay regard to it, Ep.Rom.14.6; consider, ponder, Il.2.36, 18.4, al.IV to be in possession of one's senses, sts. almost = ζῆν, to be sensible, be alive, ἐμὲ τὸν δύστηνον ἔτι φρονέοντ' ἐλέησον, for ἔτι ζῶντα, Il.22.59;θανόντι δ', οὐ φρονοῦντι, δειλαία χάρις ἐπέμπετο A.Ch. 517
;ἐν τῷ φ. γὰρ μηδὲν ἥδιστος βίος S.Aj. 554
;μηδὲ ζῆν.., μηδὲ φρονεῖν Pl.Sph. 249a
; but also, to be in one's senses or right wits, φρονοῦντα, opp. μεμηνότα, S.Aj.82, cf. 344; ;φρονεῖς ὀρθὰ κοὐ μαίνῃ Id.Med. 1129
;ἐξεστηκὼς τοῦ φρονεῖν Isoc.5.18
;τὰ φαλάγγια τοῦ φ. ἐξίστησι X. Mem.1.3.12
; ;ἐγὼ νῦν φρονῶ τότ' οὐ φρονῶν E.Med. 1329
; φρονῶν οὐδὲν φρονεῖς though in thy wits thou'rt nothing wise, Id.Ba. 332 (for εὖ φ. v. supr.1.2);ὁρώντων, φρονούντων, βλεπόντων ὑμῶν Aeschin.3.94
: ζῶν καὶ φρονῶν alive and in his right mind, freq. in Inscrr., IGRom.1.804 ([place name] Perinthus), etc.; ζῶν καὶ φρενῶν (sic) Jahresh.23 Beibl. 206 (ibid.), Rev.Arch.21 (1925).240 ([place name] Callatis);νοῶν καὶ φρονῶν Test.Epict.1.2
, PPetr.3p.4 (iii B.C.).
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